The Aboriginal People of Newfoundland Essays - Free Essays

The Aboriginal People of Newfoundland Essays - Free Essays The Aboriginal People of Newfoundland Bibliography Grabowski, Jan. Lecture His 2401, October 4, 1996. Email address: Howley, James Patrick. The Beothuks or Red Indians: The Aboriginal Inhabitants of Newfoundland. University of Cambridge Press., Cambridge, England. Marshall, Ingeborg. History and the Ethnography of the BeothukMcGill)Queens University Press.: 1996, Canada. Marshall, Ingeborg C.L.. Reports and Letters by George Christopher Pulling: Relating to the Beothuk Indians of Newfoundland Breakwater Books.: 1989, St.John's, Newfoundland. Marshall, Ingeborg. The red Ochre People: How Newfoundland'sBeothuk Indians Lived. J.J. Douglas Ltd.: 1977, Vancouver. Rowe, Frederick W.. EXTINCTION: The Beothuks of Newfoundland McGraw)Hill Ryerson Limited.: 1977, Toronto. The Beothuk people of Newfoundland were not the very first inhabitants of the island. Thousands of years before their arrival there existed an ancient race, named the Maritime Archaic Indians who lived on the shores of Newfoundland. (Red Ochre Indians, Marshall, 4.) Burial plots and polished stone tools are occasionally discovered near Beothuk remains. Some people speculate that, because of the proximity of the artifacts to the former lands of the Beothuk, the Maritime Archaic Indians and the Beothuk may have been related. It is not certain when the Beothuk arrived on the island. In fact little is actually known about the people, compared to what is known about other amerindian civilisations, only artifacts and stories told by elders tell the historians who these people really were. Some speculate that they travelled from "Labrador to Newfoundland across the strait of Belle Isle, which at one time was only 12 miles wide. By about 200 AD the Beothuk Indians were probably well settled into Newfoundland."(Red Ochre, 8) The Beothuk were not alone on Newfoundland wither. The Dorset Eskimos, who came from Cape Dorset regions of the north around 500 BC also shared the island. They presumably had contact with the Beothuk, exchanging tools or engaging in battle. In any case the Dorset Indians died out leaving Newfoundland empty to the control of the Beothuk people who now had no enemies and a wide vast territory. The Beothuk, although part of the Algonkian family developed their own language and culture. The 400 words that are still known from their language prove their Algonkian heritage. The development of their culture was a great success. The success of the Beothuk people as a whole was in part because of their skills in fishing, hunting and travel. They were the "only amerindian group to navigate on the high seas."(Grabowski lecture Oct 4,'96.) This was because of the construction of their canoes. Normally paddling on the high seas is dangerous, but Beothuk canoes were so designed to with stand high waves and stay accurately on course. The canoes "were made of a frame work of spruce and then covered with birch bark."(Red Ochre, 9) They curved high at the sides and a sharp bottom acted as a keel. The high sides protected as a barrier from wave swamping the boat. Because of hunting expeditions on the Funk islands, 60 kilometres from shore, ocean travel was evident and sea worthiness was essential. The knowledge of these canoes is only from documents produced by explorers and early settlers, all that is left of the original canoes are models of canoes found in burial sites. "The Beothuk were a migratory people..."(Red Ochre, 14) they moved with the seasons and with the hunt. In fall they hunted caribou inland, in spring seals on the coast, the summer months seafood and birds eggs were harvested. The fall hunt was the most important, as it would determine their success in surviving the winter months. The Beothuk followed the patterns of migration of the caribou and laid out large traps of fallen trees along the river banks. Trees would be left leaning against their stumps creating a triangle to the ground. The trees would be piled one over the next and so on and produced a "thicket that the caribou could not penetrate or jump over."(Red Ochre, 15.) Trapping the caribou in the water was the objective as " the animals could not move quickly in the water."(Red Ochre,15.) Indian people of North America have been called "red skins" for many years. This expression comes from the european settlers who arrived in Newfoundland and were met by the Beothuk. The Beothuk covered their entire bodies, clothing, and weapons with a "mixture of red ochre and oil."(Red Ochre, 4.)which protected them from the cold in winter and the mosquitoes and other bugs in summer. Other Algonkian tribes used it, although "not so lavishly as the Newfoundland indians."(Extinction, Rowe, 117) Some evidence shows that some juices were used "especially alder" to paint their bodies. "Sanku, a Micmac woman

Harold and the Purple Crayon Lesson Plan

'Harold and the Purple Crayon Lesson Plan Grade: Approximately Fourth Grade Subject: Language Arts Lesson Title: Harold and the Purple Crayon Lesson Plan Materials and Resources Needed: Harold and the Purple Crayon by Crockett JohnsonPurple crayonLarge sheets of paper Reading Strategies Used: Sketch-to-StretchVisualizingRetelling Overview and Purpose: Students will use the reading strategy Sketch-to-Stretch to develop concepts, summarize information heard and retell the story through drawing.The purpose of this activity is to gain listening comprehension skills. Educational Standards: Students will read, write, listen and speak for literary response and expression.Students will read, write, listen and speak for critical analysis and evaluation. Objectives and Goals: Present personal responses to literature that make reference to characters, plot, and theme.Create a story using elements in literature.To motivate children to ask them if they like to draw.Then ask, when you listen to a story how many of you close your eyes and picture what is happening? Then have them close their eyes and try and picture a horse next to a barn. Once they open their eyes ask them what they saw, what color was the horse? What color was the barn?Go around the room and show the children how each person imagined something different.Tell the children that they will be using their imagination when you read a story to them.Introduce the book, Harold and Purple Crayon by, Crockett Johnson.Tell the students that will have to listen carefully to the story that is going to be read because they will be drawing what they hear.Tell the students they will be using their ears to listen and their hands to draw what the character Harold is drawing in the story.Ask the students what t ypes of things do they think they will be drawing? Ask students, do you think everyone will have the same drawing as everyone else? Why? Why not?Arrange for students to find a spot on the floor where they will have a lot of room to draw.Ask students where they should start drawing on their paper once the book begins. What part of the paper, where you draw next when you come to the end of the paper, etc.Retell the name of the book and begin reading.Stop a few times at the beginning of the book and ask what they are drawing. ( He put a frightened dragon under the tree to guard the apples. Ask the students, what are you going to draw now?) Do this so they understand what they should be doing.To end the lesson, have the students place their drawings at their desks and then have them walk around the room to view everyones pictures.Share and compare their drawings.Have students come up and retell the story through their drawing.Ask questions to compare such as, What did Brady draw in this picture that Hudson left out?Have the students obse rve how each child has their own perception of what happened in the story. Assess quality texts using accuracy, objectivity, and understanding of the book. Independent Activity: For homework have each student draw a picture of their favorite part of the story using only their memory. Verification and Assessment:You can verify your objectives by looking at the drawings from class and their homework assignment.Students also: Compared drawings with one anotherOrally shared their opinion when retelling the story through the drawingDrew a picture of what they thought happened in the book by using elements in the story

Are Women Culturally Different than Men Assignment

Are Women Culturally Different than Men - Assignment Example Other than the role-theory, the society reinforces sex role to enforce cultural differences between men and women within a society with these differences ensuring that one gender was provided with more opportunities for success than the other gender. In fact, the society has identified the way that the behavior, thought-process, and feeling of either gender were different with the society identifying various situations in which each gender fitted in, which consequently promoted the cultural differences between men and women in the same society. Buchwald, Fletcher, and Roth (1995) noted that a rape culture is a culture in which there is evidence of a complex set of beliefs in which men are perpetually encouraged to be sexually, aggressive towards their female counterparts since the society appears to be supportive of the actions by males. Primarily, the social construct that men and women are different is the cause of the behavior in men. In the same society, whereby there is a rape culture, there is support for violence against women with the males appearing to be the dominant gender and their actions being aggressive to the female gender (qtd. in Garton 17). In the contemporary society, it is evident that activities that are obvious from various channels are an apparent promotion of violence against women. In this case, there is evidence to suggest that men are more superior to their female counterparts with their superiority making them more aggressive towards women, which leads to the culture of rape. Primarily, a rape culture is attributable to non-biological social constructs of power and inequality. In this case, the society construes men as more powerful than their female counterparts.  

Genre Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Genre - Assignment Example In some instance, however, as in the case of the recent Lindsay Lohan court proceedings, the events surrounding Michael Jackson’s death (TMZ is even reputed as breaking this story), and the O.J. Simpson trial are deemed appropriate for both gossip and reputable news outlets. The content that is included within the gossip blogs follows a somewhat fluid structure. One can consider the concept of A, B, and C list celebrities in this regard. For instance, a celebrity such as Kim Kardashian or Lady Gaga, who are of significant public interest, will often be featured within the blogs for simply attending a restaurant or swimming on the beach. Celebrities who are of only moderate importance are featured within the blogs on a scale that is proportionate to the outlandishness of the actions they have been caught or rumored to have participated in. For instance, Oksana Grigorieva, a not regularly publicized celebrity, is regularly featured as a result of her being involved in the sensationalistic Mel Gibson recordings. Similarly, comedian Greg Giraldo is featured as he recently died of an overdose. While these are the general rules for content inclusion, events of absurd or comedic value will also be featured within this genre. For instance, Nadya Suleman (Ã¢â‚¬Ë œoctomom’) is featured in one blog because she is humorously promoting a beer

Cognitive Behavioral Theory Essay Example for Free

Cognitive Behavioral Theory Essay Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a short-term, problem-centered therapy that is used to address psychopathology within the individual (Beck, 1995). This model of therapy is used to address issues of depression, anxiety, eating disorders, relational problems, and drug abuse, and can be utilized when working with individuals, as well as within group and family modalities. The core aspects of this therapy include collaboration and participation by the client, a strong alliance between therapist and client, and an initial focus on current problems and functioning (Beck, 1995). The theory of CBT emphasizes the relationship between the individual’s thoughts feelings and behaviors, which is seen as being the underlying cause of psychopathology in individuals. Therefore, this theory asserts that the identification, evaluation, and modification of one’s negative thoughts will lead to an improvement in one’s mood and behaviors (Beck, 1995). It is important to understand the concepts and theory from which CBT is based in order for it to be efficiently implemented in therapeutic work with individuals, groups, or families. While CBT is used to treat psychological disorders, this theory can be examined by looking at the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of individual’s with an absence of psychopathology. Beck (1979) and Beck (1995) present the cognitive model in order to explain the theory of CBT. The cognitive model demonstrates that the emotions that an individual experiences and the behaviors that they exhibit are a result of their perception of a situation or event (Beck, 1995). When in any given situation, an individual’s immediate thought response is their automatic thought (Beck, 1995). These thoughts are an immediate evaluation of the situation, which in turn directly influence the feeling that a person has about the situation. Automatic thoughts are experienced by everyone and occur in the individual’s mind prior to reasoning. These thoughts occur swiftly and often times the individual may be unaware that they have occurred, being more observant of the emotion that they are feeling in the moment (Beck, 1995). Once an automatic thought occurs within the individual, it triggers a feeling, which in turn triggers the individual’s response, such as a behavior and/or physiological response. For example, after a young child begins to pick up his blocks to be put away, his mother rubs him on the back and gives him praise for his actions. His automatic thought may be, â€Å"I am good when I put away blocks,† triggering a feeling of confidence, an increased level of physical energy, and the behavior of putting away the remaining blocks. Automatic thoughts can be neutral, positive, or negative. We all have our own automatic thoughts as we move through our day-to-day lives and interact with others. In regards to individuals with psychological disorders, the cognitive model looks at how negative thoughts influence the individual’s feelings and behaviors (Beck, 1995). From a CBT lens, it is the negative automatic thoughts that an individual has that perpetuate symptoms of psychological disorders, the occurrence of negative mood, uncomfortable physiological responses, and maladaptive or inappropriate behaviors (Beck, 1995). While we all have moments of experiencing negative automatic thoughts, for those with psychological disorders, and more pervasive difficulties in living, negative thoughts are often experienced in situations that are neutral, producing negative feelings that lead to maladaptive behaviors or responses that would not typically be expected from the neutral situation (Beck, 1995). Aaron Beck presents theory of the cognitive model of how depression is rooted and perpetuated in individuals as a result of the interaction between negative automatic thoughts, feelings, and behavioral response. In this discussion, depression is conceptualized in terms of the cognitive triad, which describes three components of negative thinking of the depressed individual: the individual’s negative view of self, their negative view of the others and the world, and their negative view of the future (Beck, Rush, Shaw, Emery, 1979). The cognitive triad is maintained via the remaining components of Beck’s cognitive model of depression, the individual’s schemas, or core beliefs, and the utilization of faulty thinking, or cognitive errors (Beck, Rush, Shaw, Emery, 1979). Cognitive theory asserts that our automatic thoughts are rooted in our core belief system or cognitive schemas. Core beliefs begin to be developed early in life and are based on experiences that the individual has throughout their life. Because these beliefs are so grounded in how the individual views their life, others, and the world, and begin to be cultivated so early in development, they become a fundamental aspect of the individual, who considers them to be absolute truths (Beck, 1995). Core beliefs are deeply rooted in an individual, so much so that the individual may be unaware of the belief and how it influences their thoughts about themselves and the world. Each belief can have varying levels of presence within an individual’s day to day life, with some core beliefs remaining predominately dormant and only being activated in certain situations, while others may be frequently present in an individual’s thoughts (Beck, 1995). It is the individual’s cognitive schemas that allows for the categorization and evaluation of different experiences or situations (Beck, Rush, Shaw, and Emery, 1979). The core belief system maintains the way an individual experiences and thinks about a given situation (Beck, Rush, Shaw, Emery, 1979). While everyone conceptualizes a given situation in their own way, each individual typically conceptualizes similar situations in a similar way based on their own core beliefs (Beck, Rush, Shaw, and Emery, 1979). Within a set of similar situations, the individual’s core beliefs trigger automatic thoughts, which in turn trigger the individual’s emotional and behavioral response. Over time, the individual’s responses to similar situations become more consistent, thereby causing the development of a routine response to these types of situations. As this consistently occurs, the schema connected to particular type of event is further developed and the individual’s assertion that the belief holds absolute truth is strengthened (Beck, Rush, Shaw, Emery, 1979). Beck’s theory underlying CBT focuses on the idea that symptoms of depression, as well as those of other psychological disorders, are developed and maintained through to the individual’s negative core beliefs and triggered negative thoughts. In addition to the individual’s negative schemas, Beck’s theory states that the cognitive triad of negative cognitions of self, others, and future is further perpetuated through patterns of faulty thinking (Beck, Rush, Shaw, Emery, 1979). There are a variety of faulty thinking mechanisms that are used by individual’s to support their automatic thoughts and core beliefs, even in light of contradictory evidence (Beck, Rush, Shaw, Emery, 1979). This type of thinking can be characterized as labeling, over generalizing, personalization, emotional reasoning, magnification or minimization, and all-or-nothing or impetrative thinking (Beck, 1995). These cognitive errors are often extreme and unrealistic ways in which the individual assesses and draws conclusions regarding their problems, which is then used to further support their negative belief system and automatic thoughts. CBT theory declares that the individual can learn to identify their automatic thoughts, thereby creating an avenue for changing the emotions, behaviors, and psychological responses to various situations. When utilizing CBT with a client, it is necessary for the therapist to conceptualize the individual’s presenting problems from the perspective of the cognitive model (Beck, 1995). This can be done through the work of gathering information regarding the individual’s current problems, diagnosis, and how the problems have been developed and maintained. As this information is collected, the CBT therapist begins to assess and identify the inaccurate and unhelpful thoughts connected to the problems, and the behaviors that are exhibited as a result of this thinking (Beck, 1995). As this is done, the therapist can then begin to guide the individual to identify, examine, and correct or modify the negative automatic thoughts, underlying core beliefs, and faulty thinking mechanisms that have sustained the presenting problems (Beck, 1995).

The Character of Soka in Children of the River :: Children of the River

In stories of any genre, characters may change dramatically. This holds true for many characters in Children of the River, a story that tells the true nature of change. The most prominent change is evident in the character of Soka. Her character begins as very stubborn and strict and changes to that of a caring person. This essay will explore the true nature of Soka’s behavior. At the beginning of Children of the River, the story unfolds in Cambodia. Soka has given birth to a baby (who dies later on). A warring faction, named the â€Å"Khmer Rouge† have begun to attack the city where the family, and self live. She becomes stubborn, unwilling to leave her home, since she becomes weak. Her stubbornness almost costs her family’s lives. This also leads to a conflict with her husband. Stubbornness can become a very distracting trait in people, as is Soka. However this trait will become less prominent later on during the story. In the middle of the novel, Soka changes once again somewhat, from being very stubborn to very strict. She shows her strictness mostly towards her teenager niece, Sundara. It is sometimes uncertain of her behaviour. She believes very highly of her culture’s customs and beliefs. She thinks the Cambodian way is the only way. Her beliefs get very annoying sometimes, especially toward’s her niece. These patterns of behaviour distances Sundara from her aunt, turning her partially rebellious side towards her family. Soka’s trait keeps the story woven together, and adds a thorny edge to it as well. But this trait changes once again. The last part of this story is essential to Soka’s last change. She starts to show sympathy toward’s Sundara’s needs. Albeit, slowly. This change is the most prominent throughout the entire story. What mostly surprises the reader is that of Soka’s allowance of Sundara’s seeing her friend Jonathan. What first sets this chain of reaction off is Soka’s allowance of Sundara to help Jonathan’s father, Dr. McKinnon with her language due to a medical urgency needed in Cambodia. I believe this is the most exciting part of the story. This change in Soka takes away some of the distance from Sundara because of her second change. This is a much needed change in Soka’s personality. In conclusion, all of these changes in Soka’s personality change the story in their own unique way.

Identify and Respond to Children and Young People at Risk of Harm Part 1 Essay

CHCCHILD401B – Identify and Respond to Children and Young People at Risk of Harm Assignment 1: Off-the-job assessment You will need to have completed your readings from the OLS and be aware of the reporting procedures in your state/territory to complete the following questions and case studies. 1. Access the website from your state below and state what steps are required for making a report as a mandatory reporter.(copying and pasting from these sites is not appropriate and may result in a â€Å"Not Competent† result) Remember the following Protective Concerns Are: You are concerned about a child because you have: †¢ A child has disclosed (informed you) that they have been harmed or neglected. †¢ observed the child and seen indications that they are being abused or neglected. †¢ You have been made aware of possible indications of harm due to your involvement within the community outside of your professional role. At all times remember to: †¢always record any of your observations no information is irrelevant †¢ follow appropriate protocols of your centre and also child protection. †¢ consult notes and records †¢ inform and work with other workers that may need to know †¢ inform and work with other agencies if need be. 1. Step One Responding to Concerns  · If concerns are for a child that you believe is in significant risk of harm then you would refer to step four.  · If you believe that a family should be referred to child First then you go to step three  · In all other situations you go to step two 2. Step Two Forming a Belief on Reasonable Grounds  · Think about the level of danger the child may be involved in Is your belief informed that the child is at risk or is in significant danger think yes or no?  · Do you doubt the ability of the parents care toward the child or protection of the child yes or no?  · If yes for the questions you go to step four  · If you have concerns for the child or family refer them to child first if not in significant danger. 3. Step Three Making Referral to Child First  · Contact the local provider for Child First.  · Contact list is usually on department of human services website.  · Have notes with observations of the child and details about the family. 4. Step Four Make a report to Child Protection  · Call your local child protection provider immediately this is usually found on the department of human services website  · For after hours child protection emergency call the emergency line  · Have notes, observations of the child along with details of the family ready with you. Non mandated staff members that believe on â€Å"reasonable grounds† that a child is in dire need of protection are able to report concerns to child protection. 2. Where would you find information on how your service responds to Child Protection Issues? If unsure you can always ask your room leader or centre director to point you in the right direction. You will always find how your service acts and responds to child protection issues within the service policies and procedures and code of ethics. The overall regulations of how the service should respond will be found within the national regulations which is a set of guidelines for services and how they should be run. 3. 3. List the legislative acts that govern Child Protection Services in your state/territory. My state is Victoria and the legislative acts that are in my state are the following Principal Acts:  · Children, Youth and Families Act 2005 (as amended 2011) Other relevant Acts:  · Working with Children Act  · Child Wellbeing and Safety Act 2005  · The Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006  · Family Law Act 1975

The Use of Magical Realism in Gabriel-Garcia Márquez’s Chronicle of a Death Foretold

Gabriel-Garcia Marquez is an author known for the use of Magical Realism in his novels. Throughout the novel â€Å"Chronicle of a death foretold†, the novelist Gabriel-Garcia Marquez uses magical realism as a genre frequently. Magical Realism is defined as being the juxtaposition of realism with fantastic, mythic and magical/supernatural elements. Marquez reflects magical realism by exploring both natural and supernatural worlds and illustrating traces of the culture the characters have, which is Latin American. The magical elements that are present within the novel are: superstitions, exaggerations, dreams that come true and the coincidental bizarre situations. Exploring the use of magical realism will give an insight to the characters’ personality, thoughts and actions. On top of that, it will also give an insight to what the author’s thoughts are. Therefore, the thesis question will be answered and analyzed â€Å"The Use of Magical Realism in Gabriel-Garcia Marquez's Chronicle of a Death Foretold†. Gabriel-Garcia Marquez uses magical realism in Chronicle of a Death Foretold to illustrate the narrative in prose and verse or details about character that are not relevant. In the opening of the novel, the narrator discusses the dream that Santiago Nasar has right before his death. The narrator states â€Å"He’d dreamed he was going through a grove of timber trees where a gentle drizzle was falling, and for an instant he was happy in his dream, but when he awoke he felt completely spattered with bird shit†[1]. This cynical detail does not support the style of narrative of investigative journalism.

Hiring Family essays

Hiring Family essays As partners of a small home-tool manufacturing business, David and Ken, Davids son-in-law, have put all of their energy into their struggling business. As the majority shareholder, David has overseen the product development and manufacturing facets of the business. Ken has been left with the responsibilities of sales, finance, and administration. Many times Ken has told David there has not been enough cash to pay their salaries. One weekend, David decides to review the companys books. He learns that a number of times Ken has taken home a salary when he has told David there was not enough money. In addition, he deliberately did not purchase necessary materials for the business in order to take home a larger salary himself. Stunned by these findings, David does not know whether or not he should confront Ken with these allegations and risk breaking apart his family. Unfortunately, this scenario is all too familiar to many family business owners, yet it does not fairly represent the typical family business. Small business owners are the entrepreneurs who believe in the American Dream. With a lot of ambition and the faith of their families behind them, these people set out to accomplish their dream. Hard work, lots of sweat, and many long hours later most of these determined souls reach it. The following will explore the pros and cons of owning a family business when it comes to interpersonal relationships, tax advantages, accumulation of wealth, and the succession of the family business. The interactions of the family members involved in a joint business are the foundation from which the business is built. If there is tension or other forms of strife among the members, the future of the business will not be bright. This means that the family must be open and honest with each other if their business is to succeed. Also, family members must interact on a professional level while at work and in a familial manner when ...

How Developmental Editing Can Help Your First Draft

How Developmental Editing Can Help Your First Draft Stuck on your first draft? Call a developmental editor... or a ghostwriter So, you’ve got an original idea for a book. Maybe it’s the memoir you’ve meant to write for years, or a stunning business book designed to shake up the status quo in Silicon Valley. Once you have this idea, how do you turn it into an actual manuscript?Writing a book is no simple task, which is why published authors often work with an editor to develop their ideas before they even type ‘Chapter One’ on the top of a blank page. But for you -   the independent author who doesn’t have a book deal, let alone a dedicated editor at a publishing house -   who can you turn to for help with your first draft?You’re spoiled for choice with the quality of publishing professionals you can find on the web (*cough* Reedsy *cough*), but who’s your first call? We spoke to editors and ghostwriters on our network who were happy to shed some light on the professional help available to authors at the start of their creative journey.If you’r e truly not sure how to approach your first draft, but you’re passionate about the seed of an idea for a fiction or nonfiction book, the person you may want to contact is a developmental editor.What is developmental editing?Sometimes, this is called â€Å"structural editing† or even â€Å"substantive editing.† No matter what terms you use to describe this type of work, know that it involves developing the big ideas in your book (hence the popular term, â€Å"developmental editing†). In the broadest sense, a developmental editor will not be correcting your misplaced commas. Instead, you’ll be collaborating with someone who specializes in the fine art of idea generation and concept clarification. A developmental editor specializes in the fine art of idea generation and concept clarification. With fiction, developmental work might involve high-level discussions on character arcs, themes, plotting, and pacing. By getting all these elements in place before a first draft, you could potentially save a lot of time and money in rewrites. Fiction editors will often work with authors at any point of the writing process, whether you have 50 pages written or nothing more than an idea. Developmental editing can also be useful if you’ve completed the first draft and don’t know how to move forward with revisions.Non-fiction developmental editingIf you’re looking at an autobiography, business manual, or any book in the realm of non-fiction, specialist developmental editors will take a goal-oriented approach to develop your plan or book proposal.â€Å"I've worked with authors at the initial idea stage to help them hone the scope of the book and audience," said Claire Ruston, a UK-based development professional. "I'll discuss with the author what they're aiming to a chieve with the book (is it to promote their business, for example) and who they're aiming at.†Unlike fiction, Claire suggests that early stage developmental editing in non-fiction will often involve a lot of structural work.â€Å"Sometimes I may work closely with an author to develop a full table of contents right down to Level 2 headings, giving them a detailed structure to write to. If an author is struggling to map out their book, early-stage developmental work can be incredibly valuable and save a lot of time further down the road.†Okay. Now that you’ve worked with a developmental editor to put all your pieces in place for your book (fiction or non-fiction), all that’s left is to write the damn thing.Still not sure you want to write your book? Keep reading.What if I want to work with a ghostwriter?Ghostwriters are a dime-a-dozen in the world of non-fiction, where authors often come from a non-writing background. The chances are good that you’ve read a ghostwritten book or two without knowing it.â€Å"So many authors find themselves in this position -   having the basis for a great book, but lacking the time to turn it into a fully rounded book,† said Jeremy Blachman, a New York-based author and ghostwriter. "The more business-oriented work I've done tends to start with at least some articles that the client has written (or helped write) that they want to expand into a book.† "So many authors have the basis for a great book, but lack the time to work on it" @jeremyblachman on ghostwriting You can approach a ghostwriter with little more than an idea, then work with him or her to shape the book. If you’ve already worked up a book proposal with a developmental editor, your ghost can use that document as a launch pad.While it’s certainly a ghostwriter’s job to create the content for your book, you will often be deeply involved in the creative process. Almost all collaborations start with a conversation that allows the ghost to determine the author’s â€Å"voice.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Talking to them, hearing how they express ideas, starting to get a sense of how they think,† said Blachman. â€Å"Reading what they've written. Asking what they like to read. Seeing their reactions to different versions of what I create. I've written a few different versions of an opening and asked a client: which one is closest to the tone of the book you're envisioning?†Should I get a ghostwriter for my novel?Bear in mind that the vast majority of ghostwrite rs work in non-fiction. Ghostwritten fiction does exist, but it’s incredibly rare. Writing fiction is supposed to be creatively fulfilling. Hiring a ghost to write your novel is like buying a sports car and then paying someone else to drive it for you: it happens, but it doesn’t make much sense.Do I have to credit my ghostwriter?As for the question of authorship, experienced ghostwriters will have made peace with their anonymity and are broadly comfortable with you taking full credit for the book.â€Å"Speaking from a non-fiction perspective, the book is grounded in the author's ideas and expertise,† said Claire Ruston. â€Å"They may have had help getting the words on the page, but it's wholly and unquestionably the author's book.†If you want to find out more about choosing the right ghostwriter, check out this great post from Reedsy’s Andrew Crofts  - perhaps the world's most successful ghost.Ghostwriting and Developmental Editing: Where the l ines blurAs we’ve discovered recently, many ghostwriters have experience as editors and will sometimes work with non-fiction authors to plan a book and even write a proposal. Authors who go down this route have the option to either write the first draft themselves or hire the same ghostwriter to complete the job.Many editors would warn against this approach, pointing out that editing and writing are different disciplines. While many ghostwriters will provide developmental assistance, not all will have a truly editorial mindset.Don’t give up. Assemble your A-Team.The point we want to stress is this: writing doesn’t have to be a solitary pursuit. Whether you work with an editor to develop your book or hand over the reins to a ghostwriter, there's nothing wrong with collaborating to bring your ideas to life. Publishing a successful book is a team sport, and half the game is knowing who you want on your side. So if you’re not sure how best to approach your fi rst book, ask for help.If you have any questions about your developmental editing and ghostwriting options, drop us a question in the comments below, and we’ll do our best to answer it.

Corporation with cash and the economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Corporation with cash and the economy - Essay Example We created a crisis in our minds that no fiscal and monetary tools of lowering interest rates and pumping more money can solve this economic woe. Even if there is enough money, people will adopt a conservative stance and will not spend it thus contracting the economy making government intervention pointless. This is truer with big business which was able to generate that much savings because it did not spend the money it earned from lowering its cost from downsizing its manpower and other cost-cutting measures and contributing significantly to the situation that we are in. This could be the worst form of an economic crisis-crisis of confidence. This crisis is horrible because it is psychological in nature that the traditional Keynesian solution will not work. If this situation will continue, it will not be far fetch that our economy will suffer a double dip crisis of which we may not be able to recover. It is easier said than done that had we had faith in our economy, we could have recovered already. There is available money that is enough to create jobs that will encourage domestic consumption to rehabilitate the economy. The government does not have to pump in precious taxpayers’ money in the system anymore for it to recover. We just created a fear that is debilitating us that sends a spiral of economic contagion which contracts our economy into an impending crisis. Savings may be good but when we are not using it out of fear to the effect that it contracts our economy, the effect is more catastrophic. So what is to be done? First, our policy makers must get their acts together to inspire confidence that our economy will be going somewhere. The recent debacle over the debt ceiling fueled that conservatism which is hampering our recovery. Second, we must do our part as citizens of this great country. That includes big business and us,