Assessment Centres: Advantages and Disadvantages

Appraisal Centers: Advantages and Disadvantages Appraisal focuses were presented at the center of the twentieth century. It additionally gives the thought and utilization of appraisal focus. It uses to check the capacity and aptitudes of the representatives. History of evaluation focuses investigate, how and why appraisal focuses help us to acknowledge, what the first client were attempting to get and in what manner can be surveyed the aptitudes, perspectives, individual aptitudes and capacities just as information on the members with the assistance of meeting, activities and driving practice. Essentially, the inception of evaluation focuses began for the choice of the fighter in the Germany. That time there was an extraordinary dissatisfaction between the limits of the nations because of the air of the war, and each nation needed to get Eminence on different nations. In this way, evaluation focuses used to check the capacity and nature of the workers, and alluded the situation as per his insight and abilities. We can be seen sure model since the commencement. Germany used to check the capacity and execution to choose the officials. In the book Spies and Saboteurs, by Dr W.J.Morgan (1955, London Victor Gollancz Ltd), the writer portray how a German analyst, Dr Simoneit watched official playing out an assortment of assignments. The obligations of appraisal focuses were to check the capacities intensive various ramifications of test and activities. It additionally checked the rate and standard of the officials and as indicated by this, the advancements have been declared by the military. This procedure had been begun on the grounds that; it indicated the exhibition and their advancements. It additionally investigated the specific reasons, why certain workplaces didn't uncover or continue in the manner. They would have been advanced once. After this, the appraisal habitats rose up out of Germany to USA. USA was one of the quickly developing economies and USA used to pass judgment on the capacity of the covert operative. It likewise utilized select the officials for insight. For checking of mental capacity of officials they utilized further exploration of mental and logical strategy had been to include the work by appraisal focuses. The idea of evaluation focuses populated in various economy starting with one side of the world then onto the next piece of the world. English Government checks the characteristics of on board choice advisory group and testing technique. English government included more tests and activities examining the ability, British were pioneers to include the physical and mental tests during a meetings and choices for representatives. Dr WJ Morgan outlines that it is the means by which you played out your errands, regardless of whether as an individual or inside a gathering, that issues not how rapidly an activity was finished. With the section of the time, it development and, distinctive business have been embraced by various nations. At that point most organizations utilized the appraisal communities to surveying the hold occupations to representatives. Be that as it may, in some cases man has greater capacity however at the position some of the time, it very well may be appeared by an association. In this issue the appraisal communities help the association just as to rose the capacities of the representatives and the workers have better chances to do best. It is correct that an appraisal communities began for militaries predisposition to check the capacities however now it extremely normal in the middle of each part of the existence, for example, organizations and other open help also. Presently in this time, there is an incredible rivalry on the planet, along these lines, it is difficult undertaking to check the abilities of any workers. So in this issue evaluation focuses is useful to check the capacities and abilities through the meetings and activities the character of the representatives. (http://www.psychometric-success.com/faq/faq-appraisal focus origin.htm) Presentation OF ASSESSMENT CENTERS: An Assessment Centers doesn't allude to an area, Characterize ASSESSMENT CENTERS : It tends to be helpfully characterized as A technique for evaluating inclination and execution; applied to a gathering of members via prepared assessors utilizing different fitness analytic procedures so as to acquire data about candidates capacities or improvement potential. Appraisal Centers are for the most part used in the underlying phases of the choice procedure; this is expected enormous measure of time and consumption associated with it. This is trailed by starting prospective employee meeting. Appraisal focuses include gathering in one spot a few competitors who going after a similar job and getting them through a wide range of tests. They can be worked more than one day, yet as a rule include a short-term remain. Evaluation Centers are viewed as one of the best methods of recognizing top up-and-comers wholl manage everything well with others and fit in with the associations culture. As per the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Developments Recruitment, Retention and Turnover 2009 Survey, 34% of businesses presently use evaluation Centers while selecting administrators, experts and graduates. (http://www.psychometric-success.com/psychometric-tests/psychometric-tests-evaluation centers.htm) Usage OF ASSESSMENT CENTERS: Usage of appraisal focuses ought to be completed appropriately. At the point when the structure and substance of the evaluation community have been built up, the issues included are sorting out, overseeing and provide appropriate guidance. The appraisal habitats ought to have a scope of exercises that permit contender to show competency more than once over the span of the middle. The scope of exercises should considered activities that example work substance and mirror genuine circumstances. The evaluation places ought to have diverse division heads which can oversee an excessive number of up-and-comers or such a large number of activities and keep up a reasonable proportion of assessors to up-and-comers. The evaluation habitats ought to have legitimate clear objective as a main priority with the goal that they make the progress. Receive a competency-based methodology with appraisal models proper to the objective job. Preparing is important for assessors in specialized regions, for example, perception and meeting methods, and raises their attention to decent variety issues. Criticism ought to be given to both the effective just as fruitless applicants. The appraisal communities exercises ought to routinely revive to dodge over-recognition with respect to applicants and assessors. Plan OF A SUCCESSFUL ASSESSMENT CENTER: The fruitful appraisal place is all around characterized on how well it has been planned. Before planning its best to survey the nature and motivation behind an appraisal community. The significant component is to consider the aptitudes and capacities evaluated are really pertinent to the activity being referred to. An appraisal community is above and beyond in choice strategy, it is held either on managers premises or in a lodging, which typically endures a couple of days. The procedure which typically includes in structuring is as per the following: While planning the evaluation community the time term of the middle is mulled over. For example, for senior a great many people, one day probably won't be adequate. The second most significant measures is the area of the appraisal community, which manages the best possible environmental factors and openness for up-and-comers. Make a Task rundown and match with jobs and objectives given by the organization. Make a poll identified with the errand list. Utilize the abilities well through information and aptitudes. Various TYPES OF COMPETENCIES: Various skills for the most part are created as structure to be utilized as a kind of perspective or asset. The reason for the assets database is to help clients to recognize the many existing competency-based assets at present being used. The database isn't comprehensive, yet contains various instances of the assets that were tapped to distinguish skills in the improvement of the high development ventures. A competency is exhibited or aced in an occupation and can be effectively moved to another activity. These assets by and large contain engaging data about the information, aptitudes, and capacities required for accomplishment in the field. Administrative Competencies: The capabilities which are viewed as significant for staff with administrative or administrative obligation with sizeable financial plan to oversee, which incorporates chiefs and senior posts. Some administrative abilities could be progressively important for explicit fields; anyway they are applied in the association. These abilities include: 1) Team administration 2) Change the executives 3) Analysis and dynamic. 4) Interpersonal affectability. Specialized/Functional Competencies: Some particular abilities which are thought about to play out any employment in the association inside a characterized specialized or utilitarian region of work. Those skills are as per the following: 1) Industrial procedure divisions. 2) Finance and organization 3) Human asset the executives and natural administration. Nonexclusive Competencies: Abilities which are viewed as basic for all staff, paying little mind to their capacity or level include: 1) Communication program execution. 2) Processing instruments. 3) Business mindfulness. 4) Achievement and inspiration. STEPS INVOLVED FOR SUCCESSFUL ASSESSMENT Center: The appraisal community ought to be clear about the targets. They ought to have a legitimate arranging and sorting out of the considerable number of offices which are associated with them for a few days. The assessor should search for various capabilities which are being assessed in the evaluation community. At the point when the assessor is surveying the up-and-comers working condition is thought about. The evaluation communities ought to be notable for their great and diverse assortment of activity so the up-and-comers feel inspired. The crucial advance required for fruitful evaluation place is offering input to everyone. Fruitful just as those applicants who didn't get chose. Principle ELEMENTS OF ASSEMENTS CENTERS: Components of appraisal focuses are utilized in anglicizing and focusing in on significant practices to be surveyed and assessed. The evaluation community use diffe

How fate and fortune affects their relationship Essay Example For Students

How destiny and fortune influences their relationship? Exposition Soothsaying assumed a main job in people groups lives during Shakespeares time. Individuals accepted that stars and planets controlled their predetermination. They likewise had faith in things, for example, the wheel of fortune, which was believed to be constrained by a lady, therefore the high points and low points of life. In a significant number of his plays Shakespeares topic is destiny and fortune, this was significant in Elizabethan England on the grounds that numerous individuals had confidence in good and bad times of their day by day lives and instances of such plays are Macbeth, Hamlet, Mid Summer Nights Dream just as Romeo and Juliet. From the beginning of the play, destiny and fortune are believed to assume a huge job in the darlings lives. Romeo, toward the start is experiencing saints, Ay me, pitiful hours appear to be long. Not having that, which, having, makes them short. Out of her kindness where I am enamored. Destiny gave him a coldblooded blow as Rosaline won't love him back and has chosen to go to turning into a religious woman. Fortune comes in the appearance of Benvolio who recommends they go to the Capulets Party where Romeo can look over numerous pretty ladies. Be governed by me, neglect to think about her. By giving freedom in to their eyes look at different delights. Incidentally it is at this gathering where he meets Juliet and falls enthusiastically enamored. Preceding the gathering, Juliets mother puts the seed of marriage and sexuality in to Juliets mind. Wed, that wed is the very subject I came to discuss. Let me know, little girl Juliet, How stands your airs to be hitched? Juliets mother inquires as to whether she would part with her self to Paris. Fortune proclaims that the young lady whos womanliness has been awoken incidentally meets and begins to look all starry eyed at Romeo not Paris. Fortune permits remunerated love among Romeo and Juliet. The Passion, power, and force of their adoration is unequivocally appeared. My lips, two reddening travelers, prepared remain to smooth that touch with a delicate kiss. Great pioneer, you foul up your hand excessively, which considerate dedication appears in this. For holy people lips and heavenly palmers as well? The piece they present together features their sentiments and conviction for one another. She in his eyes is flawlessness exemplified. Destiny, anyway doesn't permit their satisfaction to thrive. Tybalts outrage is clear and he wants for dubious vengeance. Tolerance perforce with wilful choler meeting make my substance tremble in their distinctive welcome, I will pull back yet this interruption will, presently appearing to be sweet proselyte to bittrest nerve. Both Romeo and Juliet discover that they are from foe families. Is it true that she is a Capulet? O dear record! My life is my adversaries obligation. My lone love sprung from my solitary loathe! Too soon observed obscure, And known past the point of no return! Huge birth of adoration it is to me, that I should cherish a detested adversary. The quarrel will command their relationship. Romeo escapes from his companions toward the finish of the gathering as now, Juliet is the support around which his reality spins. Juliet questions why her adoration ought to be Romeo, her despised foe. O Romeo, Romeo, wherefore workmanship thou Romeo? The name is simply the difficulty not Romeo. Tis however thy name that is my adversary, The word not the individual is to blame. The overhang is an image of the mallet that is attempting to stop them, yet Romeos vaulting up to Juliet shows that nothing will be permitted to hinder their adoration. The monk chides Romeos steady falling all through adoration yet consents to wed him to Juliet accepting the marriage would end the fight between the two families. Youthful mens love at that point lies not really in their souls yet in their eyes. The marriage manufactures a lucky collusion making the two families family. This, be that as it may, is the thing that makes the ruin for the darlings. .u31eec3e2830d1a598246ac808ba7fbc4 , .u31eec3e2830d1a598246ac808ba7fbc4 .postImageUrl , .u31eec3e2830d1a598246ac808ba7fbc4 .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u31eec3e2830d1a598246ac808ba7fbc4 , .u31eec3e2830d1a598246ac808ba7fbc4:hover , .u31eec3e2830d1a598246ac808ba7fbc4:visited , .u31eec3e2830d1a598246ac808ba7fbc4:active { border:0!important; } .u31eec3e2830d1a598246ac808ba7fbc4 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u31eec3e2830d1a598246ac808ba7fbc4 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u31eec3e2830d1a598246ac808ba7fbc4:active , .u31eec3e2830d1a598246ac808ba7fbc4:hover { murkiness: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u31eec3e2830d1a598246ac808ba7fbc4 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relativ e; } .u31eec3e2830d1a598246ac808ba7fbc4 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content design: underline; } .u31eec3e2830d1a598246ac808ba7fbc4 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u31eec3e2830d1a598246ac808ba7fbc4 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content adornment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u31eec3e2830d1a598246ac808ba7fbc4:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u31eec3e2830d1a598246 ac808ba7fbc4 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u31eec3e2830d1a598246ac808ba7fbc4-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u31eec3e2830d1a598246ac808ba7fbc4:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Fear In The Crucible EssayThe marriage among Romeo and Juliet happens and they accept that their affection will bloom yet destiny won't give them this desire. When they wed they accept they are at the pinnacle of the wheel of fortune looks predominant. Destiny shut in and unleashes devastation upon the couple, as Tybalts outrage. Tybalt looks for Romeo to torment and torment him for heading off to the Capulets party and for the Feud. Romeo doesnt need to battle Tybalt in light of the fact that they are presently family and it would be a battle against Juliet, his adoration. Tybalt, the explanation that I need to cherish thee, doth much reason the relating fury to such a welcome scoundrel ain I none, in this manner goodbye I see thou knowest me not, Mercutio is managed a human injury and kicks the bucket by Tybalts blade. Romeo reprimands himself for Mercutios wound and is angry of Tybalts put-down and fears that his adoration for Juliet has debilitated his mental fortitude. Discovering that Mercutio is dead he promises to slaughter Tybalt. When the homicide happens he flees from Verona, Lady Capulet knows about her nephews demise and requests Romeos passing consequently. Benvolio gets the opportunity to recount to the entire story of the two passings. It is fortunes hand that declares that Romeo isn't executed after the few turns of destiny. Juliets father doesn't need Juliet to be hitched promptly to Paris since he thinks she isn't prepared for a major penance presently, Ironically, she is as of now infatuated with Romeo. After their marriage however before their wedding night Juliet discovers that Romeo is expelled and this is another remorseless bit of destiny. Be that as it may, fortune permits them to consumate their marriage. Juliets father at that point makes her wedding to Paris unavoidable, Once again destiny meddles; To Juliet when she accepts she is encountering all out bliss disaster comes her direction when she loses her attendant in light of the fact that the medical attendant encourages her to submit polygamy. Juliet feels complete disconnection however destiny doesnt leave her in that circumstance, Friar Lawrence feels he should bolster her and the promises she has made to God. His arrangement is thoroughly thought out. As a cultivator he offers Juliet a vial brimming with the most severe and best fixings that would make her rest as though she was dead. Destiny would not permit there to be cautious examination of the circumstance. It keeps on overwhelming while Friar Lawrences thought of the letter to be sent realizes condition he can't control. In the last piece of the play, fortune vanishes through and through and just destiny remains. The underlying piece of Friar Lawrences plan comes to disappointment; everybody trusts Juliet is dead. Destiny, anyway keeps on overwhelming and Romeo is told by a companion that Juliet is dead, from the second they met the two darlings never imagined life separated. When Romeo catches wind of Juliets passing he accepts his life is useless. He races to a medication shop and approaches the businessperson for the most indecent toxic substance he can give. The proprietor won't, Romeo anyway is so edgy he parts with all his gold to the proprietor and solicitations a toxic substance that is so amazing it can execute twenty men in a moment, Once he gets the toxic substance he doesnt need to slaughter his self in the open, he needs to lie next to his better half when he passes on. Exactly when she stirs she discovers Romeo adjacent to her, she understands that he is dead; crying she has a go at kis sing Romeo to get a touch of the toxic substance passed onto her, it isnt enough to murder her, destiny doesnt permit a touch of toxin that is sufficient to slaughter twenty men to execute a solitary individual, she gets Romeos knife and cuts into her self reasoning that in the event that they can't live respectively here they can up there. .u675347be16064af6da70a28615168236 , .u675347be16064af6da70a28615168236 .postImageUrl , .u675347be16064af6da70a28615168236 .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u675347be16064af6da70a28615168236 , .u675347be16064af6da70a28615168236:hover , .u675347be16064af6da70a28615168236:visited , .u675347be16064af6da70a28615168236:active { border:0!important; } .u675347be16064af6da70a28615168236 .clearfix:after { content

Places I Became Human

Places I Became Human I kept my composure until I didn’t. Nothing in particular triggered it, I was just taking a shower. It came on quickly; I blinked, and then I found myself with my fists clenched against the wet tile wall, ready to scream. In a  single moment, shaking under a stream of hot water, an entire month’s worth of pain and exhaustion and fear came bubbling up through my fingertips. I’d broken up with my partner of three years from home. I’d come out to my parents. I’d failed my first MIT exam. Looking at the evidence, it seemed like I’d hit the self-destruct button on my entire life, and I was angry about all of it. I’m never angry. I took a box of papers and a lighter into the courtyard alone. I didn’t care who was around; one by one, I set fire pictures, notes, old journal entries, anything that reminded me of the things I’d decided to leave behind. As I watched the flames grow, it struck me for the first time that I really wasn’t the same person I was at the end of September. In September, I wouldn’t have burned things. I wouldn’t have felt the desire. Now, I felt a sick satisfaction as I watched the evidence of my old self reduce to ashes. For a second I thought to keep those ashes, but eventually I decided to bury them in the sand. I walked to the Harvard Bridge with a friend to sink the things that wouldn’t burn. They told  me about one of their ex-boyfriends, then let me rant about all of the things I didn’t see in my old relationship until now. We talked about our families. We talked about life. And after a solid wind-up, I hurled the two trinkets I had left into the murky deep of the Charles River. We enjoyed the view of Boston for awhile, then headed back in good spirits. Good. I told myself I was done being upset. But I wasn’t done. Instead, I felt like I was walking through molasses the second I stepped back into the dorm. I should have felt better, right? But no, I was just sad. I wandered through the hallways, dragging my feet and bouncing my feelings off of anyone who would listen. I didn’t know what to do. “I don’t know, I just want to scream or something.” “You know you can do that, right?”   After a few other people decided to join in, I let a loud scream rip. A few folks poked their heads out of their rooms, but no one seemed to be concerned. I didn’t feel any better though. I let my body slide down the wall and hit the hall carpet. Lots of people were trying to cheer me up, but I couldn’t shake it; I decided to slump back to my room in defeat. I sat down in my desk chair for a moment. It was a Saturday, and my friends were going on an adventure. If I went with them, maybe I would cheer up? So I got dressed, ran downstairs, and caught them just before they left. I followed silently. This is where I decided to go back. The thought kept looping through my mind: I can’t do this, not right now. I turned towards East Campus and started making my way through the infinite with my headphones in.And this is where the first tear fell. It was the first one of the entire month, and I wiped it away. In the middle of psets and parties and rehearsals and hard conversations, I’d forgotten to let myself feel anything. I was shocked by how easy it was, going to the motions apathetic and numb. I didn’t even realize what I was doing to myself. I noted the lesson learned: MIT is a place of discovery and learning, but can also be a place of distraction. I knew I failed a test, but I didnt notice I stopped going to classes almost completely. I knew that I was putting on a good face for my friends, but I didn’t notice I was putting on a good face for myself. I knew that being on your own could be hard, but I didn’t realize that if youre not careful, you can lose yourself completely. I spent the rest of the night here, laying in my bed alone. I hadnt done enough of that since I got to MIT. I wanted to badly to break down and start sobbing, but I couldn’t make the tears come again. A pang of regret hit me. All the times I held back my feelings because I didn’t want people to see the truth, all the times I buried my thoughts in physics problems: Did I kill the part of me that grieves? Did I starve it to death? Now nothing could stir that deep, free-falling, squeezy feeling behind my eyes that used to make me cry. That scares me. But the evening hadn’t been a complete loss. I had friends, I had anger, and I had that one tear. Maybe I’d managed to let go, just a little bit. For the first time since September, I felt human. Post Tagged #figuringitout #lifeatmit #lifeiswackmydudes

Cause And Effect Of The Commissioner Of Baseball ( Mlb )

If the commissioner s actions caused by his breach of duty link to the damages suffered, the plaintiff’s party must also prove proximate cause, the fourth element of negligence. The two key concepts of proximate cause are that the tortfeasor’s conduct was the closest in to proximity to the damages and that there was no superseding causes that could cancel out the tortfeasor’s liability. In determining proximate cause, courts use foreseeability in defining the scope of risk. Given the statistics of an average of 1,750 injuries per year, the commissioner could have foreseen the possibility of injuries to MLB fans (Gail Payne v. Office of the Commissioner of Baseball (MLB), 2015). However, proximate cause cannot prevail as an element of proof because there are multiple superseding causes of these injuries that cancel the commissioner s liability. One superseding cause would be the pitcher throwing a ball in a certain way, combined with the batter’s action o f swinging the bat. This forced the ball and/or bat to exit the field of play, injuring the plaintiffs. Another superseding cause is the section the plaintiffs decided to purchase tickets. In this case, tickets purchased in an exposed section along the first base line are more dangerous than those covered by protective netting. The assumption of risk defense applied because the plaintiffs assume the risk of injury by purchasing the tickets in the unprotected section. They could have foreseen the possibility ofShow MoreRelated Steroid Abuse Hurts Baseball Essay1701 Words   |  7 PagesSteroid Abuse Hurts Baseball   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The abuse of steroids among players in Major League Baseball is corrupting the image of America?s Pastime as well as endangering the health of those who use the illegal substances. The lack of testing and punishment for the use of illegal substances like steroids in the Major Leagues portrays a negative image to aspiring young athletes. They see their role models using steroids and becoming better athletes rather than seeing suspensions for the illegal behaviorRead More Steroid Use in Major League Baseball Essay example1596 Words   |  7 PagesSteroid Use in Major League Baseball Steroids are unhealthy for baseball players and they are giving the game of baseball a bad reputation. Since steroids have become such a hot topic in Major League Baseball (MLB) fans have had nothing but bad things to say about the sport and its players. When sports illustrated asked some of its readers to give reaction to the steroid controversy in the MLB here is what baseball fan Howard Langsner from New York had to say Horrible, just horrible. We takeRead MoreHockey Players Are Pretty Good People1536 Words   |  7 Pagesgambling scandals involving pro athletes is MLB great, former player and manager of the Cincinnati Reds Pete Rose. 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Personal genetic information, Who should have access Free Essay Example, 1500 words

Ethical and Moral Considerations in Personal Genetic Information Ethical and Moral Considerations in Personal Genetic Information Genome research has always been accompanied by ethical, moral and legal issues and a great deal of debate concerning its various aspects. Among the societal concerns raised include fairness of use, privacy and maintenance of confidential information, stigmatization, reproductive issues, clinical safety and feasibility, individual and environmental health concerns, commodification and the uncertainties accompanying genome technology. Such issues have divided opinion right through the middle and it is therefore imperative that critique and healthy discussion be encouraged alongside generation of more information. Amongst these issues, personal genetic information seems to have received less attention in comparison to other aspects such as safety while a closer look reveals that it is equally important due to its potential implications if not addressed prope rly. This justifies a detailed inquiry into it with relation to its access, utilization, and impacts on individual and societal perceptions on revealed personal genetic information, potential differences in implications to minority communities and how this would take course and finally the emerging trends in personal genetic information issues. We will write a custom essay sample on Personal genetic information, Who should have access or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now A conclusion based on a personal opinion will then be arrived at. The guiding idea to this inquiry is that personal genetic information should be private and confidential to the individual. Personal Genetic Information Personal genetic information has been defined as the entire realm of genotype (molecular), phenotype (physical characteristics which are outcomes of genetic makeup) and family information (phenotypic inheritance). The general avenues of collection of personal genetic information follow these classifications whereby genetic information is obtained through analyses of DNA and proteins, phenotypic information is obtained through tissue tastes, imaging techniques and observation and lastly family information obtained through health practitioners collecting family clinical histories. Genetic mapping and sequencing is a main source of this information. The most critical issues of personal genetic information arise due the present information age where such information is stored in genetic databases or biobanks from which concerns about access arise (Glasner and Rotham, 2004). Issues of Access and Use of Personal Genetic Information Elston, Olson and Palmer (2002) reckon that one of the central issues in the functionality of the physician-patient relationship is that the patient is assured that the information shared between the two parties is confidential and that the fact that genetic makeup is unique to each individual makes personal genetic information perhaps the most private information about that individual.

Effects of Alcohol and Nicotine Use Free Essays

The Effects of Alcohol and Nicotine Use Tobacco and alcohol use are common addictions amongst Americans. Each of these products are easily accessible at any convenience store and are perceived to be pleasurable activities as a result of their prevalence in American society. Both drugs also have significantly adverse effects on an individual’s health and overall well-being. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Alcohol and Nicotine Use or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, tobacco and alcohol consumption are quite different in the nature of the addiction, and the risks each drug pose to one’s health. Tobacco has been present even before the establishment of America. In 1492, Christopher Columbus was offered dried tobacco leaves from the Native Americans he encountered. By 1600, tobacco was used for its assumed healing qualities and was often used as currency. Not until 1826 was the pure form of nicotine finally discovered and labeled a dangerous poison. During the 1980’s, many lawsuits were filed against tobacco companies because of the harmful effects of their products. Smoking became politically incorrect and more businesses began to prohibit smoking on their premises. Despite this, cigarette consumption in America is still common. Today, Marlboro is considered one of the most valuable brands of any product in the world, valued at over 30 billion dollars. (NCSU Libraries) Although the supposed health benefits of tobacco have been promoted by both a variety of cultures and corporations alike, the physical effects of nicotine on the body are now indisputable. In as little as ten minutes after consumption, nicotine can raise blood pressure, heart rate, and constrict blood vessels,thus increasing the chance of heart attack and stroke. Habitual use has been linked to cancer of the lung, throat, mouth, esophagus, bladder, cervix, kidney, larynx, and stomach. (Center for Disease Control and Prevention) Even casual use is accompanied by increased coughing, congestion, fatigue, and shortness of breath. Aside from the havoc wrought internally from the frequent use of tobacco, it also causes negative changes to one’s physical appearance. These changes include, but are not limited to, tooth decay, gingivial recession, halitosis, stained fingers, and an unpleasant odor on one’s person. University Health Center at the University of Georgia) According to the American Heart Association, in as little as one cigarette, a user may be addicted to nicotine. Nicotine addiction is recognized by the uncontrollable cravings to consume tobacco products. An addict may feel anxious about the next time they are able to use, and may be very irritable until their craving has been satisfied. As a user decreases their use of tob acco, they begin to withdrawal. Indications of withdrawal are different for each individual. A person will generally be cantankerous, and may suffer physical ailments, such as headaches, nausea, and cold like symptoms. Increased appetite, impaired work performance, and depression are additional symptoms linked to nicotine withdrawal. (National Library of Medicine) Alcohol has been a prevalent substance in human culture since 6400 B. C. According to Dr. William L. Smith, excavated clay jugs dating back to neolithic periods suggest the intentional fermentation of alcohol. Alcohol most likely originated in Middle Eastern regions, and was used primarily for its healing, antiseptic and religious purposes, often as a gift to the divine. Alcohol has always been a part of American culture, as it was first brought over by English settlers. One of the first laws regarding alcohol was passed in early seventeenth century Virginia. The law prohibited public drunkenness, as it was a threat to society. Though, the first alcohol related laws did not prohibit the substance itself. In 1920, National Prohibition took effect, consequently the 18th Amendment of the United States Constitution. However, in 1933, the 21st Amendment repealed the prohibition, legalizing the creation, sale, and consumption of alcohol. WWW2 Webserver) Laws in regards to alcohol had to be placed into effect in order to ensure the safety of America’s people. Whether or not the alcohol use is routine, the array of symptoms that may be exhibited have the opportunity to be devastating to the user and to the public. In one night of drinking, the intoxicated individual has already put themselves at risk for alcohol poisoning, miscarriage, violence, and death. One of the least tolerated criminal offenses of today is driving while intoxicated (DWI), or driving under the influence (DUI), which is defined by a blood alcohol content level over . 8%. A few sips of an alcoholic beverage can debilitate the driver, causing them to careen in and out of lanes, run red lights, and other dangerous driving practices. Alcohol is also a common factor in regards to risky sexual behaviors. The impaired ability to make responsible decisions increases the chance of accidental pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases. Heavy alcohol use over the lifetime causes annihilating physical and psychiatric damage to the body. The user becomes at risk for a variety of health issues, including cirrhosis, dementia, liver disease, and stroke. Long term use also puts the individual at risk for mouth, throat, esophagus, liver, and colon cancer. While the internal damage is taking place, the individual is slowly using their ability to function in society. The daily drunken stupor or hangover prohibits the person from excelling in the work place and in the classroom. Stomach pain, headache, and irritability are common symptoms that hinder the usefulness of the individual. If these characteristics persist, job loss and expulsion will occur. Aside from the regression of skills and potential successes, an alcoholic will induce detriment upon their family and friends. Center for Disease Control and Prevention) Alcoholism is, according to the University of Maryland Medical center, a â€Å"chronic, often progressive disease in which a person craves alcohol and drinks despite repeated alcohol related problems, like losing a job or a relationship. † The disease is often accompanied by a significantly high tolerance to alcohol, drinking in order to feel â€Å"good† again. An addict may sneak or hide drinks, plan activities around drinking, or drink to escape life’s hassles. Family and friends of the victim may notice personality changes, mood swings, and broken promises. The addict may feel troubled by how much they are consuming, and may be quick to defend themselves with confrontations regarding their drinking habits. When an alcoholic is unable to drink as much as need be, they suffer from physical withdrawal symptoms that inhibit them from feeling well. Nausea, sweating, shakiness, and anxiety, are all common signs of alcohol withdrawal. Insomnia, hand tremors, and fatigue are additional symptoms that may be experienced. (University of Maryland Medical Center) Alcohol and tobacco products are commonly used in not only American society, but in cultures around the globe. They have each continued to be advertised as enjoyable experiences, thus their social acceptability. Despite their prevalence and media allure, scientific evidence is irrefutable. Single and habitual use of nicotine and alcohol both affect the body in significantly negative ways. These substances are both linked to a variety of cancers, amongst other health issues. The forgo of these drugs results in mild to severe emotional discomfort. Typical behaviors include depression, irritability and apprehension. In addition, visible cues such as sweating and shakiness are common in withdrawal. Based upon scientific study, alcohol and tobacco use are practices not to be taken lightly. Their toxic effects on the human body are disregarded in American culture, however, it is imperative that every user understands each substance in its entirety. A nicotine addiction is quite different from an alcohol dependency, as nicotine seems to be primarily a physically unhealthy habit, and alcohol becomes a lifestyle. Nonetheless, each addiction is completely detrimental to one’s health, and all risks should be considered before taking that first sip or smoke. How to cite Effects of Alcohol and Nicotine Use, Papers

Dr. Becketts Dental Office free essay sample

The problem starts when she never gave importance on the implication of management but rather run only her business in a way she wanted it to be. * She did not care of running a business without a background on handling and managing a business. She always asks for a consultant’s help and that is not enough to just rely on them because Dr. Beckett never try to understand and learn of what would be the consequences.An instance came, when doctors and dentist need to imply HMOs policy, but she never implied on it rather she rely to a consultant and do instead what she wanted to do, she did not even look at what problem she may encounter in being in favor to this movement. * Dr. Beckett decides to redesign the service delivery system. In terms of facilities she wanted the work environment to reflect her own personality and values as well as providing a pleasant place for her staff to work. She provided employees with many opportunities to update their skills by attending classes and workshops.She also rewarded their hard work by giving monthly bonuses if business had been good. * She realized that productivity gains were necessary; she doesn’t want to compromise the quality of service her patients received. Since higher quality care was more costly, Dr. Beckett patients sometimes had to pay fees for cost that were not covered by their insurance policies. * These patients might decide to switch to HMO dentist (Health Maintenance Organization). The HMOs set the prices for various services by putting an upper limitation on the amount that their doctors and dentists could change for various procedures. The advantage to patients was that their health insurance covered virtually all costs. But the price limitations meant that HMO doctors and dentists would not be able to offer certain services that might provide better quality care but were too expensive. Sometimes, staff members would substitute for each other when necessary to help with tasks that were not specifically in their job descriptions in order to make things even more smoothly. This instance is not a good practice since the service to be offered may not satisfied the customers especially in the cases when these staffs really don’t know what to do.Still, management cover the service offered or Beckett doesn’t know that in management, they should give priority to the specific field that the staffs should focus and work to. Since she never gives importance to it, consequences may surely happen. Dr. Beckett just only rely on the word or mouth done by her current patients in order to have new customers to avail the service offered, she even thought that she doesn’t need to sell herself because her current customers had already been told their family and friends about her service, plus she doesn’t need to advertise, since her current customers are a big help.One more thing, since advertising is not implemented, Dr. Beckett have a hard time in demonstrating the high level of quality that she wish to let her patients know, and how to help them have a positive and favorable attitude towards the service. She did not even mind about the customer needs. As a whole, the problem or Dr. Beckett covered the system of management in her business and how to improve mush the service she offered with the help of establishing the right way on managing a business. Statement of the Problem * How will Dr. Beckett and her staffs improve the management system of the company? How do Dr. Beckett and her staffs educate patients about the service they are receivingShe decided that her top priority was differentiating the practice on the basis of quality. Since higher quality care was more costly, Dr. Beckett’s patients sometimes have to pay fees for costs that were not covered by their insurance policies. If the quality differences weren’t substantial, these patients might decide to switch to an HMO dentist or another lower-cost provider. Sine Dr. Beckett does not even mind her customer needs and just focus and give prior to the job she’s working to her patients tend not to live on going to the dentist and tend to have a negative attitude toward that service.Alternative courses of Action * Dr. Beckett must implement a better management system in the company in order to deliver a better service and satisfy their customers that her service is with high quality. * Dr. Beckett must promote and educate the service she offers to her customers in order for them to know the benefits they might get and even though the price of her services is high, the qualities of the services are worth it. First is the Comfortable Dental Anesthetic delivery that helps ensure the patients’ visits are always easy and comfortable. Second, is the Dental Laser for gums that is effective for disinfection, faster healing, quick and easy to use, less need for anesthesia, minimal discomfort afterward and better results. And third, is the Dental Air Abrasion, which is a relatively new tooth preparation technique that can be use in place of traditional dental drill. It allows the dentist to do many repairs to the teeth without the noise and vibration of the drill.Recommendation * Dr. Beckett must choose all of the alternative courses of action mentioned above in order to gain more customers and keep the existing ones by giving Thank you cards to patients who referred other patients; follow up calls to patients after major procedures; a goodie box for patients including toothbrush, toothpaste, mouthwash, and floss; buckwheat pillows and blanket for patient comfort during long procedures; coffee and tea in the waiting area, and a photo album in the waiting area with pictures of staff and their families.Learning * Befor e taking up any action we should make sure that it is for good and for the better so that we don’t have any regret and before putting up a business we must have enough information, knowledge and understanding on how to handle a business so that our business will stay longer in industry. Before redesigning the service system we must evaluate and compute the cost of it because quality services always connect with higher cost so that other customers could avail the services intended to offer. * A service provider must accept the feedback of their customer because there are some customers that are not happy with quality and value of the service they receive from the company.

Hillary Clinton - Internet Policy Speech at Newseum free essay sample

IB Physics HL Lab Report on Projectiles Essays

IB Physics HL Lab Report on Projectiles Essays IB Physics HL Lab Report on Projectiles Essay IB Physics HL Lab Report on Projectiles Essay Even if the actual measured results differ sensibly from the hypothetical values, we can clearly see that an inclination of 45 degrees generates a much longer distance travelled horizontally. During our experiment, water pressure was not constant and there could have been some fluctuations due to wind variation. Those uncertainties must be taken into consideration. Conclusion and Evaluation Our mathematical proof and hypothesis were right that in parabolic motion, 45 degrees offers the greatest horizontal distance travelled. The values recorded with an actual projectile and the values from the mathematical demonstration are not similar. But the general tendency of results is about the same. An angle of 45 degrees generates the longest distance travelled horizontally by a projectile and can be considered as the optimum angle. The variations of measurements made at 30 and 60 degrees are about the same as those calculated. The reason why the actual projectile registers greater horizontal values than in the mathematical proof is that the water pressure (Velocity of water) is larger than that what we assumed (10m/s) at first. In this experiment, honestly speaking, we would better try to find another method to get the data than from a hose directly connected to the water mains. The water pressure of Vietnam is not so stable. Even if it seems constant, there are sensible variations. For instance, when keeping the same position and angle, the hose spurted water with very different results. Sometimes the difference observed was more than one meter. Unstable water pressure may have lead to different velocities and different values. For the purpose of this experiment, we recorded the area where that water was mostly dropped. Additionally, we think that the wind factor should be considered, as the experiment was taking place outdoors. It may have affected the values in a considerable way. Some suggestions to improve the investigation may include carrying the experiment indoors as the results would not be affected by frontal and lateral wind interferences. It may also be sensible to find a source of water spray with a constant velocity. A canister of pressured water, or a projectile powered by a compressed gas would have a more constant velocity. The values registered might also be more accurate if we used a CCD camera to capture the trajectory of a small ball such as a bead.

Law - legal systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Law - legal systems - Essay Example The expansion of the role of government in the lives of its citizens has brought with it an increasing number of controversies between citizen and state. There is a perception too that as a people we have become more litigious. All this has resulted in an increase in litigation, aggravating the problems within the current judicial structure, causing delays from the ensuing backlog of cases, higher costs to the parties and the taxpayer, the bureaucratization of dispute-processing systems and exaggeration of minor disputes as a result of regulations, delays and costs. Furthermore, both court congestion and high cost are used as bargaining tools to extract settlements which may otherwise be unacceptable. For many, however, the concern runs deeper. There is a growing awareness that the corner-stone of our judicial structure, the adversary system itself, is not the most appropriate for the effective resolution of all forms of disputes; it may not be capable of resolving a problem to both parties' satisfaction and may easily cause disputes to escalate to more serious levels. Moreover, even though the vast majority of disputes are 'resolved' outside the courtroom, they are still resolved 'under the shadow' of this adversary mentality; for instance, the threat of instituting court proceedings may be enough to exact an inappropriate settlement. It is often unfortunate that the adversary mentality permeates all resolution processes, polarizing the parties and exacerbating their disaffection. Still, negotiated or 'lumped' settlements far exceed in number those resolved through other means. On many occasions the 'threat' of suit is therapeutic where otherwise stubbornness might prevail. The basic philosophy of the adversary system is that it is the best means to find the truth through the testing of the various versions of the disputants by putting each to the proof of his or her claim. Correlatively the burden of establishing legal entitlement rests with the litigants. The system is based on individualistic premises: each party is presumed to be equally motivated and competent to investigate the facts and to present his or her case to a passive, neutral and independent court and each is presumed to have equal opportunity to pursue the claim. Implicitly the system presumes adequate resources in both time and money in order to do so. Each party confronts the other, as an adversary, before the court, each having an opportunity to present her or his story, to a judge, whose business is to decide the dispute under law. Eventually so the theory goes, the truth will emerge at least to the extent it can be discovered. However, it is generally accepted that the practice does not work nearly as well as the theory, despite an absence of empirical evidence either way. Each party will usually not have equal or even adequate time, money, motivation or ability to present his or her case properly. Furthermore, because the system is in part predicated on competitiveness, combativeness and confrontation, the emphasis is less on the best resolution of conflict but rather, oftentimes it seems, on 'winning at all costs'. It is little wonder that this system has been labeled 'the sporting theory of justice'. The end results include a lot of wasted time and money and a perceived lack of

Nursing concept of burn out Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nursing concept of burn out - Research Paper Example In addition, such an individual will experience depersonalization (Cordes & Dourherty, 1993). In all occupations, including nursing, individuals experience stress mainly because of the work they do. When individuals experience stress at work, they become tired and their productivity level at work drops significantly. Therefore, burnout generally results in absenteeism, high employee turnover, decreased productivity of employees, as well as increase in physical conditions in employees, including headaches, insomnia, among others (Cordes & Dougherty, 1993). If employees experience stress in their work, the management, together with the employees themselves should look for appropriate ways of getting rid of any work-related stress they are experiencing. If this is not addressed and is left to continue for a long time, it results in burnout, which is more lethal. Burnout extends its effects from the individual to their families and jobs. Different studies show that burnouts are prevalent in helping professions such as social work and healthcare professions, including nursing (Elder, Evans, & Lizette, 2012). This paper will review considerable literature on the concept of burnout, and compare and contrast studies conducted on this concept in different years. This will culminate in a reflection on the concept of burning as presented in the studies, in order to provide a framework for enhanced understanding of burnout in nursing. According to Poncet et al. (2006), the concept of burnout has existed since the 1970s. Different studies have been conducted on this concept over the years, to understand it well for increased chances of dealing with the situation in affected organizations. In 1999, Jansenn, Jonge, and Bakker, conducted a study among different nurses in order to establish the various determinants of work motivation, burnout, and turnover among nurses. Poncet et al. conducted another study in 2006, and this sought to establish the degree of burnout in the nurs ing staff that was concerned with critical care. Finally, most recently in 2012, Spooner-Lane and Patton conducted a study in which they aimed at debunking the determinants of burnout among the nurses that worked in public hospitals. In their definition of the concept of burnout, Spooner-Lane and Patton (2012) argued that burnout is not a symptom of work stress, but is what unmanaged work stress culminates into. They have used various definitions from different scholars to clarify more on the nature of burnout. Overall, from their definition, it remains that burnout is a result of extreme work-related stress. On the other hand, Poncet et al. (2006) have begun by highlighting a short history about the concept of burnout. They argue have defined the burnout syndrome a condition that results when employees fail to put up with the emotional stress they experience at their work place. They have alternatively defined burnout syndrome as the state in which an employee feels they have faile d, and are exhausted after they have used most of their energy in their job. Poncet et al (2006) have emphasized the detrimental effects of burnout syndrome on both the employee and the organization. Both Poncet et al. (2006) and Spooner-Lane and Patton (2012) have identified the epidemiological issues of burnout syndrome. Spooner-Lane and Patton (2012) have analyzed emotional exhaustion, while Poncet et al. (2006) have investigated headaches, exhaustion, insomnia, eating

The International Context For Healthcare Policy Social Work Essay

The International Context For Healthcare Policy Social Work Essay This assignment is done to explore the international context for healthcare policy and orgs of healthcare. It also helps us to understand contemporary issues and promotion of healthcare. The political, cultural and social issues that help to determine healthcare policy are also analyzed in this assignment. Our 1st task is to analyze approaches to healthcare policy formation in some international context and here the National Drug Preference Alliance organization is chosen for assessment. The goal of this organization is to save the addicted ones and to promote effective policies, preventing, giving education and knowledge regarding the drugs consumption and its problems caused in society. This organizations track contains how to approach the study of health care organizations from different angles of theoretical perspectives, levels of analysis, and methods. Organizational theory tries to create a healthier nation and is seen as involving the whole of the community, basically it is a n interdisciplinary course of study. Rooted in sociology and social psychology, these healthcare policy approaches developed different variety of theories and methods for the study of organizations. Considering approaches, social and political science provides theories to analyze power relations and decision-making in all kinds of organizations that are held in United Kingdom. Next task is to assess the influence of funding on policy formation in NDPA organization. Within any of the health policy field, there are chances for formation of healthcare policy. Without creation of a policy, the organization is not worthy enough for the society. A growing literature is trying to understand the various responses of policy makers to research; they explain why certain research findings pave their way into policy and why some others are effectively ignored. It is necessary to fund the policy formation. Else the formation of policy will simply be a dream or just in theoretical papers. The members of the organization must be ready to fund the policy formation. They have to get the help of politicians, social workers, the public, technicians, etc. and they must have some members among themselves who are able to fund for the policy formation. They can also provide fund from the public, can take loans, charity funds, etc. for the formation of healthcare policy. The gover nment is always interested in funding for NDPA organization as it has taken a great role in saving the society from drug addicts and NDPA organization has become a crucial organization for the both the society and the government. Next task is to evaluate healthcare policy in NDPA organization. With the awareness spread by NDPA organization, the government of the country has made drugs as illegal. It has been declared that the use of drugs is illegal and can lead to the imprisonment of the user along with penalty.it has been estimated that 22% of passengers and 18% of drivers who have been involved in fatal accidents have taken illegal drugs. This statistics shows the importance and urgency that is required for the formation of policy in England. The police in the nation are always engaged in testing policies. It is also declared by the government that drug takers harm no one but themselves. The legislature is spending much part of their time for freeing the nation from the addicts. They have led the focus of government towards drugs. In todays life the impression is that everyone is into drugs. Nowadays drugs have been considered as a style of living and Britain is leading in this style. It is considered as t odays style accessory. The government has taken many policies to reduce the consumption of drugs. Many awareness programs have been conducted in each and every part of the country. Retreat centers are open throughout the nation for helping the drug victims. In this assignment next we have to assess the impact of culture on healthcare. Culture can be defined is the way people live. It is natural that culture affects everything we think and do, from how we look after our elders, to whom we are allowing to be a healer, and to what we do when our children are not feeling well. Culture plays an important role in our lives. Like our genes shape our health, so does culture does. The way we define ourselves culturally influences what we will do for others health. So it can be understood that a good health care provider recognizes all these facts and tries to learn about the different cultures of his or her patients. It is not possible to summarize the cultural behavior of patients. It varies from one patient to other. Culture is a vast area. There is a variation that exists among individual members of a cultural group. Learning about general health beliefs and customs of an area would prove to be good while dealing with the patients of that are a. It also provides the health cares with experience. Next is assessing the impact of society with healthcare. Society and healthcare are related deeply together. Any society with ill people wont lead to development of society. If the society consists of healthy people, then they can lead the society and their nation towards development. Even though Britain is one of the greatest developed nations in the world, it is now the biggest drug user in Europe. Due to this addiction towards drugs different kinds of social and economic disaster can happen. For those drugs which no remedial measures were taken. Reducing its effect requires commitment from the area such as social, political, and economic across industries and governments and also through unique public-private partnerships. These three above mentioned factors force the governing and relevant non-governmental authorities on stream of continual decisions. Not depending on if the need for decisions is adequately there or addressed, unnecessary issues can promote the growth of drug add icts. Nowadays strategies were developed with regard to the research and development that is for preservations of pathogens and how they preserved. To the enhancement of preservation the wellbeing of researchers and the peoples around them these steps were taken and also to ensure the integrity of the surrounding environment. Next we have to analyze the attitudes towards healthcare. The organization also deals with other important aspects like providing care for older patients, teamwork in teaching process and making awareness and giving training to new comers in the organization. They provide motivation to the drug addicts to live in a normal way and they motivate them to join the organization and save other victims of the drug. To determine the attitudes of healthcare and healthcare workers baseline surveys are conducted. As a result they obtain attitudes of public towards healthcare and they can assess and analyze the progress of their work. Most students in each group of the organization profession agreed that the disciplinary teamwork approach benefits patients and tries to effectively utilize the time for any productive purpose. Several studies conducted have estimated that physicians attitudes towards prevention, cure and barriers to the delivery of preventive health strategies are effective. All t hat they require is the cooperation of the people, so that they can change the face of the drowning world. A standard can be considered as a level of quality against which performance can be measured. These are essential in healthcare sector to ensure safe and effective practice. Developing and maintaining the quality of services provided by the organization is a major objective for those involved in the planning, provision, delivery and review of health and social care services since there exists unacceptable variation in the quality of services provided, including timeliness of delivery and the ease of access. Next we have to evaluate the cultural and social impacts on and attitudes towards healthcare in NDPA organization. The organization is highly influenced by cultural impacts. They study the different cultures that exist in the current society and work accordingly to save the society from the hands of drugs. Learning about general health beliefs and customs of an area would prove to be good while dealing with the patients of that area. It also provides the health cares with experience. In case of social impacts we have to consider a variety of facts. Drug addiction the cause for most of the economic and social disruption or disaster. Factors such as political, social and economic make governments and relevant non-governmental authorities upon continuous stream of decisions. NDPA organization has held a great attitude towards healthcare sector. They have taken the initiative to save the people of the nation from dying. They have always held appositive attitude towards healthcare. Depend ing upon the interest of public that makes some way into social organization and decision policy are made. All that they require is the cooperation of the people, so that they can change the face of the drowning world. Net we have to analyze how healthcare policy is translated into practice in the organization. Translating the healthcare policy clinical practice is a valuable initiative for services for health so that the care given to the patient is efficient, cost-effective, and improves patient satisfaction. The studies show that on implementing and disseminating protocols, clinical practice guidelines. The objective is to identify the factors that influence healthcare and to present key international studies on them. Existing system for healthcare was examined to the formation of a plan for the research in future. As a result, various methods of healthcare policy translation are described like clinical pathways, clinical practice guidelines and protocols, a model for incorporating research based on normal and usual questions, partnerships between organizations, and implementation strategies that allow the translation of policies to practice. A lot of fund is required in translating policies to practice which are acquired by the organization in various ways as discussed above. Future research is needed on translating health care policy in the different areas like the best theoretical approaches, barriers, good strategies for nurses , the quality of empowerment approaches, the consequences of international collaboration, the mentors value etc. Next task is to analyze the organizations involved in health care in a national and international context. One of such an organization is the NDPA organization. Finance needed for the health care in developing countries is created by the countries themselves. International health organizations in the developed countries only provide less than 5% of the total needs for healthcare in the developing world. It is important to find that the percentage of costs needed for the healthcare donated by the developed world is greater than the 5% average in the countries which are very poorer. Local health professionals are getting expert technical advice and training from international health organizations. These organizations produce the major documents in tropical health they also produce the most important guidelines for health care workers. Other international organizations in healthcare sector are World Health Organization (WHO) which is the premier international organization for health. Th e Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) works as the regional field office for WHO. The World Bank is the next major intergovernmental agency related to the UN related to healthcare. The United Nation Childrens Fund (UNICEF) spends the most of its program budget on health care. The United Nation Development Programme (UNDP) allocated $141 million, out of a total budget for field expenditures of $1 billion, to health, education, employment. Its major health concerns are AIDS, maternal and child nutrition, and excessive maternal mortality. Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) gives health aid to war and natural disaster victims. Next task is to analyze the structure of healthcare delivery in NDPA organization. How health care is organized and delivered in a national context is dealt with the structural delivery of healthcare system. It includes many practical barriers like accessibility in terms of social and transport issues, funding issues, private health insurance cost, cost of treatment, safety issues, for example, in war, conflict or natural disaster areas. The organization has a chief member or director who controls all the functioning of the organization. He will be having subordinate that control sub organizations. All together they function effectively in a practical manner to achieve their goals. It exists within all levels of healthcare organizations. Beyond directives importance is given to improving health status. Next task is to assess the practical barriers that are found in any health organization like NDPA for their health care policy. Healthcare delivery systems are filled with barriers to health communication in all the levels. Linguistic and language barriers in health communication sectors must be overcome. It exists within all levels of healthcare organizations. Language barriers influences mostly while access within a healthcare delivery system that is access, quality of care, health outcomes and self-efficiency especially. Studies that try to create standards and methods for developing information of the patients which is usable by most patients are needed. The studies must address both the written information and the simplification so that it can match the reading skills of patients and also its cross-cultural application. The major health communication loophole in the structure of care as it feels to patients lies in what is incorrectly termed linguistic appropriateness which alwa ys takes into consideration translation of language and other elements of health communication are not taken. There are mainly cultural barriers that include health beliefs and behaviors and practitioners beliefs and behaviors. Next are geographic barriers that include rural health professional shortage areas. Then comes organizational barriers. Another barrier is socioeconomic barriers that include poor education, lack of health insurance, inability to pay money out of pocket. The national and international socio political issues that are always present in promotion of health care is discussed here. They are considered as crucial issues, since sometimes they oppose the functioning of healthcare organization. Political factors deal with public health access and allocation of resources, prevention programs access, treatment related topmost-exposure interventions and prophylaxis. Impact is made by international political factors in including some educational programs to detection of support, evaluation and response, also limited to information technology and telecommunications infrastructure to create links with highly risky places of the world. Migrations of people, increased trade and travel, food consumption patterns, sexual practices, new medical practices, human conflict, and the deliberate use of pathogens for hostile purposes includes the social factors, these are behavioral activities. Economic factors arise from lack of financial investment in resear ch and development of processes; produce certain tasks such as training, procedures, technology etc. . Factors that related to economy constitute lack of support for a large number of programs that are beneficial such as public-private partnerships, market incentives to development of interventions. Next task is to asss impact of international campaigns and national policies on the demand for healthcare. Various international campaigns are conducted in United Kingdom to secure the creation of a universal health care system. Campaign organizers used a framework to organize thousands of people in support of universal health care. In response to this effort, the state legislature passed health care legislation that incorporates human rights principles. It provides a framework for universal health care. By forming international campaigns it is possible to make people aware about the international issues that are possible in health care area. International campaigns and national policies allow the natives to understand the importance of health care and they make people work against the activities that affect the health of people. The organization has adopted international human rights policy for the betterment of the people. It has been the main topic of their campaign. They also ana lyses the health care reform bill. Healthcare Is a Human Right Campaign (HCHR) was a campaign conducted in association with the organization. By framing health care as a human right, the center organized thousands of states that had no prior involvement with political campaigning. This led the center making it possible to change the political environment and force the state legislature to enact rules that will lead to universal health care. Next task is to evaluate the role of health promotion in determining healthcare service demand in a national setting. Health care industry takes the nations major financial resources. For facilitating evidence of quality controls and improvements it has come under immense pressure. Current health care consumer is now better educated and the best informed with increased knowledge. Impact of patient perception is the one aspect of health care quality that is mostly being recognized. Even though it depends more on healthcares service aspects it also correlates very well with health care quality objective measures. Ultimately delivered quality of health care can be dependent on ability of the health care organization to satisfy demand of the customer for convenience and information. The health care service sector is complex with multiple faces and different phases of organization. Health care system management has been relatively not sufficient before, making customers on the outside of the design of the product, incoherent and supply driven, development and also the delivery process. Many physicians think that the current emphasis on quality is not really aimed at improving health of the patient. Nowadays there is a change to an organization model in which the customer has importance and they influences every function and managers must look forward and make use of it and be instrumental in establishing a change within the entire system to focus on the quality. Next task is identifying contemporary issues in health care of the organization. Nowadays whooping cough cases rises in England. As ministers pass the buck and applications for taking children into care continue to rise, councils problems just keep growing. There were volunteers translating health messages from English into local languages and thus providing a vital service for Non-Government Organizations and freeing up thousands of extra dollars to be used for medical aid. There are many policy issues that are contemporary in the financing and delivery of health care services. The role of bureaucratic agencies, legislative committees, interest groups and major health care policies are analyzed for obtaining information such as how to deal with the issues of the health care sector. Problems that related to quality of death and life gets its importance. This is broadly classified to include infant mortality, AIDS policy, occupational safety, government regulation of consumer products , and fiscal issues such as national health insurance, prospective payment, and the rationing of health care. More attention will be given to the legislative and political aspects of these various policy areas, ethical issues will also be considered because they are unavoidable. Next task is evaluating the impact of these issues on national and international policy discussed above. There are growing dependence between security, health policy and foreign policy so that with developments in these fields having much importance for health in the United Kingdom and globally. The major issue in foreign policy was always health so as its prominence increases, the need of assessment is important if it is appropriately prioritised and how on the national basis the government interacts with business and civil society. Efforts to improve preparedness for acting against all the activities that affects the health of society and policies for tobacco control provides examples where health is highly mixed with high politics. Since 1th September 2001, health and development agenda has also been widely linked with the international policy priorities of preventing state failure and improving global security. The main security issue was become the health and foreign policy for a range of actors both inside and outside government. Policy-makers before think that rather distant fields of security, health and foreign policy must try to consider each others work as they are met by the play of issues at the global level. Implications of globalisation for health now are considered as the international issue. Next task is to evaluate practical responses to contemporary issues that are discussed above. The main method to avoid all the issues is to create public awareness among people. They must be aware of the hazards that might occur due to activities that lead to lesser health of people in society. They must try to make other people aware about the problems that might occur due to careless living of their lives. Health care policy managements must be created in every area of the nation to administer the health aspects in those areas. Current international and national healthcare issues are identified and they must be treated accordingly for the betterment of the society. The current health care consumer is now better educated and the best informed with increased knowledge. International political factors can have an Impact made by international political factors includes limited or non-existent educational activities to support identification and verification, detection, and response. In this assignment a research related to the organization in health care sector is conducted. The political, social and cultural issues are identified. Analyzed the importance of health care policy. It helped to critically assess the policies and aspects of the organization.

Ib Theatre Ri Noh Costume Essay

Noh is known as the classical lyrics drama of Japan. Noh is a combination of serveral dance and drama forms that came before it. (Noh and Kyogen) It embraces the people’s love for the religious and cultral traditions that involve the mix of Japanese Dengaku and Sarugaku (which is a mix between a style of dance and mime). (Noh and Kyogen) Noh is fundamentally a symbolic theatre that focuses on the representation and appreciation of ritual traditions and the appreciation of culture. A tradtitional romantic play in Noh theater is Hanjo (Lady Han). The story of Hanjo is about a yujo named Hanago that works in an inn. A man named Yoshida no Shosho came into the inn for the night on his journey east. Hanago and Yoshida no Shosho fell in love and exchanged fans before he leaves for his journey. After Shosho is gone Hanago becomes nicknamed Hanjo becuase of her deranged and obsessive love for Shosho with the only memories of him being his fan. In this love story, the fans are a representation of the giving of their hearts to one another (connecting to the plot of which this story was derived from); in which the only memory that the women has of her lost lover is the fan. Throughout the play Hanjo constantly has Shosho’s fan in her posession and the more she waves the fan in the play, the more deranged she becomes thoughout the play. (Keene) One of the main aspects of Noh theater is the use of masks and to a Noh actor, the mask gives the actor behind the mask the responsibilty â€Å"to be the living embodiment of the qualities he is called upon to represent†. Toki) The masks in No theater that are commonly usedare the masks that were created between the fourteenth century and the seventeenth century and are prefered to be used in a performance rather than modern mask for the modern mask lacking in origionality compared to the classic. (Toki) In Noh theater, generally the Shite (main actor/ protagonist) actor is the only actor masked in the play, but in certain instances the Shitez-zure (assistant of the Shite) will also wear a mask but only when representing a female character. Toki) Even though the Shite is the only actor to be wearing a mask, the Shite will not wear a mask when representing a character in a earthly or a realistic piece of work and theatrical make-up is rerely and often not used during Noh performances. (Toki) The most common masks that are used are masks that represent female characters. The female mask are used to represent women of all ages and symbolize at times the beauty of the women or the ghost/ spirits of dead women. Toki) Different masks are used to represent the three main type of women, which are catagorized by age. (Toki) Young women are represented by ko-omote, magojiro, and waka-onna; the middle-Aged women are represented by Shakumi, Fukai, and Zoh; and finally the Old women are represented by uba and rojo. (Toki) Yet on occasion the Hannya mask is used in order to represent the vengeful women and conveys negative expressions and attitude. (Toki) When it comes to the costume design for Noh performances there are four different catagorities that the costumes can be organized into: costumes that are worn as undergarments, those worn over the under garments, costumes resembling skirts, and costumes that divide the actors upper section and the lower section of the body. (Toki) A Shite costume with five layers and outer garment of brocade creates an imposing figure on stage that can be even more imposing when a red or white wig is added. (Toki) A very typical gown style worn by women is the Karaori, which is woven with threads of gold, silver and other colors. Toki) Like most costumes in Noh theater, the use of color is major in determining the characters in the play. (Toki) Using red in the color scheme of any of the costume is best fit for a young character. (Toki) The most common costume for woman characters is the kinagashi (worn flowing), as well as the most common way of wearing kimono. (Toki) The outer robe over the under robe hanging from the shoulds to the ground and tied at the waist. (Toki) Another costume in Noh theater is the nuihaku (embroidery, foil) that can be used for both male and female characters. Komparu) A short-sleeved robed with a gold-â€Å"foil† or a silver- â€Å"foil† woven into the costume and â€Å"embroidery†, taking on the style of the satin-weave base. (Komparu) This costume is worn in the style of the koshimaki and includes the aslpects of being draped down from the waist, also resembling the nugi-sage. (Komparu) The nugi-sage (removed and draped) is a costume that will often symbolize a women that is mad. The right sleeve of the outer robe is removed and draped down the back, representing the decaying mind state of the women that is becoming mentally unfit. Komparu) Karaori (Chinese Weave), even though being influenced by the woven style of Chinese clothing is a good representation of Japanese Noh costumes. (Komparu) The robes can be manipulated in order to classify the different characters. It could either include the traditional color red in order to represent the young women characters or can be used without red in order to symbolise the middle-aged and older characters. In order to create the representation of a women’s skin, resort to the surihaku (foil applique). Komparu) Using the same style of the short-sleeved nuihaku with the gold-foil or silver-foil being woven into the costume with red indicates that the character is a woman. (Komparu) Another critical representation of women characters are the styles of katsura (wigs) supported by the katsura obi (wig bands). (Komparu) The narrow bands are long strands that are tied around the outside of the wig and are left hanging down the actors back. (Komparu) The bands still include the aspects of the gold-foil or silver-foil with the choice of red or not. The koshi obi (hip bands) can be used for both male and female characters. (Komparu) This resembles the mizu-goromo or is used with nuihaku in the style of koshimaki (draped from the waist). (Komparu) This costume is wrapped around the hips over a three quarter length. The tradtional styles of wigs that are used to indicate women character are the katsura, which is generally tied back or can be lengenthed to be the naga-katsura- (long wig) by attaching the long hair to a small square cloth and tied onto the actors head then rearranged for the performances. Other styles include the kasshiki-katsura (the religious wig), the midare-bin (untidy or disordered wig), and the uba-katsura (old woman’s wig). (Komparu) For the costume design for Hanjo there are certain aspects from each of the traditional costumes that could come together to create a beautiful costume along with conveying ,the character, Hanjo going mad without her lover, Shosho. The most fitting costume style would be the mugi-sage (removed and draped), which is generally known for symbolizing the concept of a mad woman with the disordanized and rugged look of the right sleeve of the outer robe slipped of and left to hang down the back of the character. The colors of the robe would include the same aspects of the nuihaku and the surihaku with the silver-foil woven into the fabric and the traditional red to indicate that the character is a young woman. The headress of Hanjo would include the idare-bin (disheveled tresses) style of wig in order to help convey the slow affect of Hanjo becoming mad without her lover; and the traditional katsura obi (wig band) with a red trim will support the headress itself and the concept of a female character. For props, Hanjo will hold bamboo grass in her hand which symbolizes a mad women. Along with the bamboo grass, Hanjo will hold a fan that will be a representation of Shosho’s fan that she recieved and will be used to be waved more rapidly to symbolize Hanjo’s madness.

Bric: Culture, Values, and Business Ethics Essay

INTRODUCTION BRIC, represents the countries Brazil, Russia, India, and China. These countries are known to be at similar stages of economic growth. The BRIC countries have had a huge success in the past decade with their industrialization and economic success. With the BRIC countries emerging as economic powerhouses and the increasing number of foreign counties increasing to do business with them, ethical rules must integrate into their business practices. An increasing number of companies are moving production to the BRICs in order to take advantage of generous tax incentives, high productivity rates, and cheap labor. Each country has cultures and values which makes them unique. They also have a very specific business ethic that one should know about if they want to be successful in these countries. BRAZIL Brazil, known as the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in South America and in the Latin American region. It is the fifth largest country geographically and by population with a population of 190,732,694 according to the 2010 Census. It is known as one of the world’s fastest growing economies and is part of the United Nations, the G20, BRIC, and groups. Brazil is known for their economy having a growth rate during the world recession in 2008 (Vernengo, 2010). Brazil’s land use is 87% forest/woodland and meadows/pastures and has a climate which is known to be mostly tropical since they have the Amazon. Iron, gold, petroleum, and nickel are some of the many natural resources they are known for. BRAZIL’S CUTURE AND VALUES The Brazilians have a unique culture that they share with one another. First off, the official language is Portuguese which makes up almost 100 percent of the population. Brazilians have a strong national ideology that their land is a â€Å"racial democracy†. As far as the Brazilian class system goes, people with darker skin tend to be economically and socially disadvantaged. Class is determined by economic status and skin color. Women make up forty percent of the workforce but are found with lower paying jobs than males such as teaching, nursing, and jobs with clerical duties (Brazil – Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette, n.d.). Common Brazilian foods consist of rice and beans which are put together with meats and fish. The most important meal of the day is a multicourse meal eaten after midday. Middle-class would eat the beans or rice with fish or meat and the lower class would only eat beans or meat during this meal. Now that Brazil is industrializing. The famil y-centered meal at midday is being replaced with smaller meals that are consumed at restaurants with buffets or fast-food such as McDonalds. The lower-calls who cannot afford this will generally eat at home, buy snacks on the street, or carry food with them at work. Brazil has a nation dish known as â€Å"feijoada† which means â€Å"big bean† stew. It consists of a variety of meats cooked with black beans and condiments with rice, fresh fruit, and a side of onion sauce. Different social classes and economic inequality in Brazil has been a problem for a long time. There is a large rate of crime in urban areas such as kidnapping, murdering and assaults. Killing of police officers are common in less wealthy areas as well. â€Å"The murder rate in greater Sà £o Paulo, for example, is some five times that of the New York metropolitan area† (Culture of Brazil, n.d.). The Brazilian government has The Federal Constitution of Brazil that provides the executive, legislative, and executive independent branches. Voting in Brazil today is universal and required for all literate Brazilian citizens aged from seventeen to seventy and is optional for the citizens who do not have the ability to read and write. In the country of Brazil there are many unique values the citizens hold. To begin with, the main religion of the country is Catholic. Brazil has the largest catholic community in the world. During the colonial times, there was no freedom of religion which meant that all of the Portuguese settlers and Brazilians were forced to the Roman Catholic faith which in turn made most of the population today Catholic. Another popular Brazilian religion is Umbanda, which is a blend of African and Catholicism religions. Some branches of the Umbanda religion wear white clothes in ceremonies while others do not. During ceremonies, all of the people sing, drink and smoke, being under the influence of the spirits. â€Å"Music and dance are essential in rituals because they facilitate the communion with the spirits and help people in their daily lives† (The Umbanda religion – Brazilian spirituality, n.d.). In Brazil there are very specific way women and men meet. When two males meet, they shake hands with each other while maintaining steady eye contact with each other. When women meet with each other they kiss each other starting with the left check then alternating to the right similar to some Americans. When a woman wants to shake hands with a man, she should be to one extending her arm out first. Hugging and backslapping are also common among friends. BRAZIL’S BUSINESS ETIQUETTE When doing business in Brazil there are many things to take note of. To begin with, Brazilians need to know who they are doing business with. As a result make appointments at least two weeks in advance. Face-to-face meetings are preferred instead of written communication so they know exactly who they are doing with. During meetings, business men socialize over coffee which at times can make meeting informal. When exchanging business cards, they are to be done during introductions with everyone at the meeting. One side should be translated in Portuguese and should be presented with that side facing the recipient. Brazilian companies have a vertical hierarchy where the managers at the top make the majority of the decisions. Most of the management is men but recently women are starting to gain these roles as well. When dressing, men should wear dark colored suits. Usually if someone is an executive they will wear a three-piece suit while a two-piece suit is worn by office workers. Women should wear dresses, suits, or something conservative and make sure their nails are always manicured. When doing business in Brazil there are some do’s and do not’s to be aware of. Always make eye contact because this will show that the business person listening is paying attention, interested, and honest. It should always be expected that a meal will take longer since it is more like a celebration rather than a meal. Food and drinks should always be accepted when offered during a special or business occasion. As far as things not to do, never give gifts that are purple or black since these are considered mourning colors. Never rush business dealings and always avoid pressuring final decisions since Brazilians take a long time to do this. Never show feeling of frustration since this will look bad for the person wanting to do business with them. Corruption and deforestation should never be brought up since these are current sensitive topics. Lastly, never publically criticize Brazilian counterparts if they need to be told something, it should be done in private so it does not make them look bad (Malinak, 2007). Knowing Brazil’s business etiquette is critical if a person wants to have success making business. RUSSIA Russia, officially known as the Russian Federation, is the largest country in the world with a population estimate of 143,300,000. It is the world’s largest reserves for minerals and energy resources and is the largest oil and natural gas producer. It is also has the largest forest reserves. Due to Russia’s size, there are many climates. The main climates are humid continental and subarctic. Russia only has two main seasons which are winter and summer. The coldest month is January and the warmest month is July. Between these seasons for a brief time are their spring and autumn. Russia is known for their oil, natural gas, and timber which accounts for more than 80% of their exports abroad. They are the third largest electricity company in the world and the fifth renewable energy producer (Russia, 2012). RUSSIA’S CULTURE AND VALUES The Russian citizens have much pride in their country. They have many patriotic songs and poems about their homeland and take pride in their cultural heritage. Eighty one percent of Russia speaks the Russian language. Families are very dependent on each other and are very small, usually with only one or two children per family since women are always working outside of the house. Most of the families live in small apartments sharing with two or three generations (Russia – Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette, n.d.). The most common food of the Russian culture is bread while potatoes cabbage beets and carrots are the main vegetable of their diet. Russians love meat. Lower class has sausage, port, beef, mutton, chicken, and dried or salted fish while the higher class has duck, veal, and salmon. In the daily life of a Russian, breakfast is usually coffee or tea with bread or sausage. Lunch people eat potatoes, soup, macaroni, or rice and can be eaten only in a cafeteria in a w orkplace or at home. Dinner consists of boiled potatoes, cabbage, bread, or sausage and bread. There is not that much talk about different social classes in Russia any longer. The â€Å"new Russians† are seen to be driving late-model cars such as Mercedes and Jeeps while dressing in designer clothing and wear heavy gold jewelry. Showing off these items demonstrate wealth. Juvenile misbehavior has been increasing significantly along with prostitution, AIDS, and homelessness among children and teens. As far as government goes, they have a parliament that is divided into and upper and a lower house. The lower house is known as Dumab which has 450 elected members while the upper house consists of local governors and legislators from the eighty nine administrative regions (Culture of Russia, n.d.). On top of Russia’s culture, Russian’s values are also very important. The main religion the Russians follow is Orthodox Christianity which is run by bishops and metropolitans. For most of the Orthodox followers, religious practice concentrates on the affecting experience of liturgy, which is chanted daily, on Sundays, and in long, elaborate services on holy days. Churches and cathedrals are the most important sites to worship at. When two people meet for the first time, there should be a firm, hard hand-shake while making eye contact. If a male is shaking hands with a woman, this handshake will be less firm. When women meet each other they kiss on the cheek three times starting at the left cheek and then alternating. As for close male friends, they first give each other a pat on the back followed by a hug. RUSSIA’S BUSINESS ETIQUETTE When doing business in Russia it is expected for a person to be on time to all business meeting. Russians are known for testing patience. In turn, a Russian may be late to a meeting or not start the meeting for one or two hours afterwards to see the reaction the person will give. The best way to communicate in Russia is the fax and email since the mail can be unreliable. Before making a trip to Russia, one must inform the company of the intended business proposal and objectives. When giving a presentation, Russians expect it to be long and detailed and to include to history of the subject. Hierarchy is important to Russians. They respect age, rank and position. The decision makers higher up have authority over subordinates. When exchanging business cards it is usually done after the initial introductions with formal ritual. The business hard should include university degrees and be translated into Russian using Cyrillic text on one side while having the other side be in English. When dressing, businessmen wear suite that are dark and well tailored with a nice dress shoe. Typically a Russian businessman will never take his jacket off. What a businessman wears demonstrates their image as a professional. Women should dress conservatively in skirts rather than pants. When doing business with Russia there are some do’s and do not’s to be aware of. When first meeting, do shake hands firmly since Russians do this to each other naturally. Always get involved in small talk before starting a business conversation. Most of the small talk will deal with family. When doing business, never be afraid to show emotion and never reward anyone in public because Russians will see this as suspicious are can cause jealousy (Gorrill, 2007). INDIA India. Known as the Republic of India, is the seventh largest country in the world with a population of 1,210,193,422 according to the 2011 Census. It is the most populous democracy and second-most populous country in the world. India is considered a newly industrialized country and is one of the fastest-growing major economies. It has the third-largest standing army in the world. The climate in India is largely influenced by the Himalayan Mountains and the Thar Desert. These both cause winter and summer monsoons. There are four major climates in India which are tropical wet, tropical dry, subtropical humid, and montane (India, 2012). I NDIA’S CULTURE AND VALUES The Indian’s have a unique culture. Different states have different languages with the main one being Hindi. Two other main languages are Urdu, and Bengali. India’s culture is based on an hierarchy with the tradition of the caste system. All relationships involve hierarchies such as schools. A teacher is known as a guru and is known as the person with all of the knowledge. At home the father in considered the leader of the family. In the business world the boss is seen as the person responsible for the business. As far as family, people are defined by groups rather than individuals. These groups can range from being part of a region, state, family, career path, etc. This extended family creates a numerous amount of rules, structures, and interrelationships. In the Indian culture, people do not like to say â€Å"no†. Instead if something was not available they would tell a person what they would want to hear. If a person asks for something, the Indians must do wha t is asked and if not, they would be considered rude (India – Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette, n.d.). As far as food goes, rice is the main food in India. Like the United States where there are people who eat meat and who are vegetarian, it is very similar in India but based on the cast system. Muslims, Jews, Sikhs, and Christians all eat meat except pork, besides the Christians. When in the lower-caste, Hindus eat meat except for beef. Members in the higher castes are vegetarians. Every caste, tribe, town, village, and religion has a variety of traditional ceremonies, mostly religious based that are observed with enthusiasm and wide participation. India’s government is a liberal democratic federal government and is the largest democracy in the world. The country is divided into twenty eight based states for administrative purposes. The central government also administers seven small â€Å"Union Territories† (Culture of India, n.d.). There are many different values that India holds. The main religions in India are Hindu, which makes up of 81.3% and Muslim which is 12% of the country. This is one of the largest Islamic nations in the world. There are thousands of rituals and millions of shrines, temples, and other holy places. Hindus have a large pilgrimage temples where Muslims visit tombs of saints. Most Hindus believe in reincarnation when one dies so when a person rebirths they can go into a new caste system. Hindus are usually cremated instead of buried. When Indians get married most of the marriages are arranged. Marriages that are not arranged are looked down upon. When people are to meet in India, the eldest person should be greeted first since they have an hierarchical structure. When leaving, each person individually must be given a farewell. More educated people who deal with westerners shake hands. Men shake hands with other men and women shake hands with other women. A handshake between and man and a women tend to be uncommon due to their religious beliefs. INDIA’S BUSINESS ETIQUETTE When doing business in India is it smart to make an appointment at least a month or two ahead of time by letter. Business appointments should be made in the late morning or early afternoon between eleven and four. When meeting for the first time it is possible for business not to be discussed at all since meetings start with getting to know people. When a decision is made, it is made by the person with the most authority. When talking to a person who does not have a professional title they should have to title of â€Å"Madam† or â€Å"Sir†. When exchanging business cards, it should be done after the initial handshake. The university or degree earned should be stated on the business card and should be given and received with the right hand only. When giving a business card it should also be in the position where it is readable as its handed to the recipient. The business dress code is conservative. Men should wear business suits that are dark colors and women should wear suits or dresses. If business is done in a hotter part of the country the dress code is less formal. One should always remain polite and honest at all times to prove sincerity and politeness. Never be aggressive during business negotiations because this can show disrespect. When offered a drink or food during a business meeting it should always be accepted. If not, it is considered offensive (Gorrill, 2007). CHINA China is the second largest economy in the world and is the fastest growing market economy. It is also the world’s most populous country. As of 2001, China has a population of about 1,347,350,000 with an annual growth in GDP of 9.5%. China’s success has been primarily due to manufacturing as a low-cost producer. This is attributed to a combination of cheap labor, good infrastructure, relatively high productivity, favorable government policy, and a possibly undervalued exchange rate. China’s climate is made up of dry seasons and wet monsoons. In winter the temperature is cold and dry whereas the summer it is warm and moist. Since China has such a complex topography, the climate ranges region to region. Recently there have been problems in Chine with pollution and environment deterioration due to the high population (China, 2012). CHINA’S CULTURE AND VALUES Chinese is the official language in China. The social structure is formal and hierarchical. There is a hierarchical class system supported by the Confucian philosophy. At the top of the system there are scholars followed by farmers, artisans, and at the bottom merchants and soldiers. Rice is the main food of China. Grain is grown where the climate is too hot to grow rice. Breakfast consists of noodles or wheat bread or rice with porridge served with shrimp, vegetables, and pickles. Lunch is closely related to breakfast. Dinner is the largest meal of the day which always includes soup being the last course. If there is a special occasion or family gathering, there will be elaborate meals. For the mid autumn festival, known as the Moon Festival, , â€Å"moon cakes† are served which are baked pastries filled with ground sesame and lotus seeds. Business occasions are usually at restaurants that consist of ten or more courses. China is a communist state. The president is elected by the National People’s Congress for a five year term. The NPC had duties to write laws, delegate authority, and supervise other parts of the government. The Chinese Communist Party is the only political party and controls either other small parties (Culture of China, n.d.). Since China is a communist state, majority of the country is atheist. Twenty percent of the population practice Confucianism and Taoism. Taoist temples consist of a courtyard, a main hall with an alter, and small shrines. Worships take the form of mediation or physical exercise. China has the one child only rule due to the high population it holds. In rural areas, families are allowed to have more than one, perhaps two or three. When meeting with the Chinese, many lower their eyes as a sign of respect. When at a large function it is okay to introduce yourself to guests but at small functions it is polite to wait for the host or hostess to introduce you. A Chinese person should always be addressed by the honorific title and surname unless advised otherwise (Hong Kong – Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette, n.d). CHINA’S BUSINESS ETIQUETTE In China, Face-to-face meetings in the workplace are an essential step towards making a sale in most business markets. Only when a face-to-face appointment is secured can it be assumed that the enquiry is a serious one. As in the West, Chinese buyers are busy people and prefer for suppliers to visit them at their offices, unless negotiations are at an advanced stage and the client wants to visit the supplier’s production facilities to look at the scale of the operation. Hierarchical structures of Chinese society and business organizations are based on a strict observation of rank where the individual is subordinate to the organization. People will enter the meeting room in hierarchical order, as the Chinese are very status conscious. Senior members generally lead the negotiations and will direct the discussion. A long-term relationships are considered more valuable then hurried transactions. When exchanging business cards one side should be printed in English and one in Chinese. The card should be presented with both hands and with the Chinese side facing up. When accepting a colleague’s card study it carefully before placing it on the table, never in the back pocket because this is known to be extremely disrespectful. When doing business in China, punctuality is important. As far as business attire, men should wear Conservative with subtle colors. Women should avoid high heels and short sleeved blouses. The Chinese frown on women who display too much. Subtle, neutral colors should be worn by both men and women. There are many do’s and do not’s when doing business in China. One must always maintain eye contact. If this is not done one will be considered untrustworthy. The Chinese counterpart should always initiate the formal greeting. One should always address the counterpart by their title and last name. If they do not have a title use â€Å"Mr.† or â€Å"Madam†. One should never point when speaking as this is considered rude. When being offered food or a beverage, always wait until the host starts. Business should never be discussed when eating or drinking. It is also advised to not use large hand gesture since they are considered distracting to the listener. CONCLUSION To conclude, the BRIC countries have grown rapidly in the past decade with their success in industrialization and trading. Since there is such an rapid growth in business moving into these countries, if a business wants to be successful they need to know the specific practices and beliefs. Going into a country to do business without knowledge of the country’s culture and values will end up turning a business back to where they came from and end up being unsuccessful. Therefore, a business needs to obtain background information and knowledge of the different business ethics for success. REFERENCE Brazil (2012, November 14). In Central Intelligence Agency. 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