Cause And Effect Of The Commissioner Of Baseball ( Mlb )

If the commissioner s actions caused by his breach of duty link to the damages suffered, the plaintiff’s party must also prove proximate cause, the fourth element of negligence. The two key concepts of proximate cause are that the tortfeasor’s conduct was the closest in to proximity to the damages and that there was no superseding causes that could cancel out the tortfeasor’s liability. In determining proximate cause, courts use foreseeability in defining the scope of risk. Given the statistics of an average of 1,750 injuries per year, the commissioner could have foreseen the possibility of injuries to MLB fans (Gail Payne v. Office of the Commissioner of Baseball (MLB), 2015). However, proximate cause cannot prevail as an element of proof because there are multiple superseding causes of these injuries that cancel the commissioner s liability. One superseding cause would be the pitcher throwing a ball in a certain way, combined with the batter’s action o f swinging the bat. This forced the ball and/or bat to exit the field of play, injuring the plaintiffs. Another superseding cause is the section the plaintiffs decided to purchase tickets. In this case, tickets purchased in an exposed section along the first base line are more dangerous than those covered by protective netting. The assumption of risk defense applied because the plaintiffs assume the risk of injury by purchasing the tickets in the unprotected section. They could have foreseen the possibility ofShow MoreRelated Steroid Abuse Hurts Baseball Essay1701 Words   |  7 PagesSteroid Abuse Hurts Baseball   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The abuse of steroids among players in Major League Baseball is corrupting the image of America?s Pastime as well as endangering the health of those who use the illegal substances. The lack of testing and punishment for the use of illegal substances like steroids in the Major Leagues portrays a negative image to aspiring young athletes. 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Personal genetic information, Who should have access Free Essay Example, 1500 words

Ethical and Moral Considerations in Personal Genetic Information Ethical and Moral Considerations in Personal Genetic Information Genome research has always been accompanied by ethical, moral and legal issues and a great deal of debate concerning its various aspects. Among the societal concerns raised include fairness of use, privacy and maintenance of confidential information, stigmatization, reproductive issues, clinical safety and feasibility, individual and environmental health concerns, commodification and the uncertainties accompanying genome technology. Such issues have divided opinion right through the middle and it is therefore imperative that critique and healthy discussion be encouraged alongside generation of more information. Amongst these issues, personal genetic information seems to have received less attention in comparison to other aspects such as safety while a closer look reveals that it is equally important due to its potential implications if not addressed prope rly. This justifies a detailed inquiry into it with relation to its access, utilization, and impacts on individual and societal perceptions on revealed personal genetic information, potential differences in implications to minority communities and how this would take course and finally the emerging trends in personal genetic information issues. We will write a custom essay sample on Personal genetic information, Who should have access or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now A conclusion based on a personal opinion will then be arrived at. The guiding idea to this inquiry is that personal genetic information should be private and confidential to the individual. Personal Genetic Information Personal genetic information has been defined as the entire realm of genotype (molecular), phenotype (physical characteristics which are outcomes of genetic makeup) and family information (phenotypic inheritance). The general avenues of collection of personal genetic information follow these classifications whereby genetic information is obtained through analyses of DNA and proteins, phenotypic information is obtained through tissue tastes, imaging techniques and observation and lastly family information obtained through health practitioners collecting family clinical histories. Genetic mapping and sequencing is a main source of this information. The most critical issues of personal genetic information arise due the present information age where such information is stored in genetic databases or biobanks from which concerns about access arise (Glasner and Rotham, 2004). Issues of Access and Use of Personal Genetic Information Elston, Olson and Palmer (2002) reckon that one of the central issues in the functionality of the physician-patient relationship is that the patient is assured that the information shared between the two parties is confidential and that the fact that genetic makeup is unique to each individual makes personal genetic information perhaps the most private information about that individual.

Effects of Alcohol and Nicotine Use Free Essays

The Effects of Alcohol and Nicotine Use Tobacco and alcohol use are common addictions amongst Americans. Each of these products are easily accessible at any convenience store and are perceived to be pleasurable activities as a result of their prevalence in American society. Both drugs also have significantly adverse effects on an individual’s health and overall well-being. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Alcohol and Nicotine Use or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, tobacco and alcohol consumption are quite different in the nature of the addiction, and the risks each drug pose to one’s health. Tobacco has been present even before the establishment of America. In 1492, Christopher Columbus was offered dried tobacco leaves from the Native Americans he encountered. By 1600, tobacco was used for its assumed healing qualities and was often used as currency. Not until 1826 was the pure form of nicotine finally discovered and labeled a dangerous poison. During the 1980’s, many lawsuits were filed against tobacco companies because of the harmful effects of their products. Smoking became politically incorrect and more businesses began to prohibit smoking on their premises. Despite this, cigarette consumption in America is still common. Today, Marlboro is considered one of the most valuable brands of any product in the world, valued at over 30 billion dollars. (NCSU Libraries) Although the supposed health benefits of tobacco have been promoted by both a variety of cultures and corporations alike, the physical effects of nicotine on the body are now indisputable. In as little as ten minutes after consumption, nicotine can raise blood pressure, heart rate, and constrict blood vessels,thus increasing the chance of heart attack and stroke. Habitual use has been linked to cancer of the lung, throat, mouth, esophagus, bladder, cervix, kidney, larynx, and stomach. (Center for Disease Control and Prevention) Even casual use is accompanied by increased coughing, congestion, fatigue, and shortness of breath. Aside from the havoc wrought internally from the frequent use of tobacco, it also causes negative changes to one’s physical appearance. These changes include, but are not limited to, tooth decay, gingivial recession, halitosis, stained fingers, and an unpleasant odor on one’s person. University Health Center at the University of Georgia) According to the American Heart Association, in as little as one cigarette, a user may be addicted to nicotine. Nicotine addiction is recognized by the uncontrollable cravings to consume tobacco products. An addict may feel anxious about the next time they are able to use, and may be very irritable until their craving has been satisfied. As a user decreases their use of tob acco, they begin to withdrawal. Indications of withdrawal are different for each individual. A person will generally be cantankerous, and may suffer physical ailments, such as headaches, nausea, and cold like symptoms. Increased appetite, impaired work performance, and depression are additional symptoms linked to nicotine withdrawal. (National Library of Medicine) Alcohol has been a prevalent substance in human culture since 6400 B. C. According to Dr. William L. Smith, excavated clay jugs dating back to neolithic periods suggest the intentional fermentation of alcohol. Alcohol most likely originated in Middle Eastern regions, and was used primarily for its healing, antiseptic and religious purposes, often as a gift to the divine. Alcohol has always been a part of American culture, as it was first brought over by English settlers. One of the first laws regarding alcohol was passed in early seventeenth century Virginia. The law prohibited public drunkenness, as it was a threat to society. Though, the first alcohol related laws did not prohibit the substance itself. In 1920, National Prohibition took effect, consequently the 18th Amendment of the United States Constitution. However, in 1933, the 21st Amendment repealed the prohibition, legalizing the creation, sale, and consumption of alcohol. WWW2 Webserver) Laws in regards to alcohol had to be placed into effect in order to ensure the safety of America’s people. Whether or not the alcohol use is routine, the array of symptoms that may be exhibited have the opportunity to be devastating to the user and to the public. In one night of drinking, the intoxicated individual has already put themselves at risk for alcohol poisoning, miscarriage, violence, and death. One of the least tolerated criminal offenses of today is driving while intoxicated (DWI), or driving under the influence (DUI), which is defined by a blood alcohol content level over . 8%. A few sips of an alcoholic beverage can debilitate the driver, causing them to careen in and out of lanes, run red lights, and other dangerous driving practices. Alcohol is also a common factor in regards to risky sexual behaviors. The impaired ability to make responsible decisions increases the chance of accidental pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases. Heavy alcohol use over the lifetime causes annihilating physical and psychiatric damage to the body. The user becomes at risk for a variety of health issues, including cirrhosis, dementia, liver disease, and stroke. Long term use also puts the individual at risk for mouth, throat, esophagus, liver, and colon cancer. While the internal damage is taking place, the individual is slowly using their ability to function in society. The daily drunken stupor or hangover prohibits the person from excelling in the work place and in the classroom. Stomach pain, headache, and irritability are common symptoms that hinder the usefulness of the individual. If these characteristics persist, job loss and expulsion will occur. Aside from the regression of skills and potential successes, an alcoholic will induce detriment upon their family and friends. Center for Disease Control and Prevention) Alcoholism is, according to the University of Maryland Medical center, a â€Å"chronic, often progressive disease in which a person craves alcohol and drinks despite repeated alcohol related problems, like losing a job or a relationship. † The disease is often accompanied by a significantly high tolerance to alcohol, drinking in order to feel â€Å"good† again. An addict may sneak or hide drinks, plan activities around drinking, or drink to escape life’s hassles. Family and friends of the victim may notice personality changes, mood swings, and broken promises. The addict may feel troubled by how much they are consuming, and may be quick to defend themselves with confrontations regarding their drinking habits. When an alcoholic is unable to drink as much as need be, they suffer from physical withdrawal symptoms that inhibit them from feeling well. Nausea, sweating, shakiness, and anxiety, are all common signs of alcohol withdrawal. Insomnia, hand tremors, and fatigue are additional symptoms that may be experienced. (University of Maryland Medical Center) Alcohol and tobacco products are commonly used in not only American society, but in cultures around the globe. They have each continued to be advertised as enjoyable experiences, thus their social acceptability. Despite their prevalence and media allure, scientific evidence is irrefutable. Single and habitual use of nicotine and alcohol both affect the body in significantly negative ways. These substances are both linked to a variety of cancers, amongst other health issues. The forgo of these drugs results in mild to severe emotional discomfort. Typical behaviors include depression, irritability and apprehension. In addition, visible cues such as sweating and shakiness are common in withdrawal. Based upon scientific study, alcohol and tobacco use are practices not to be taken lightly. Their toxic effects on the human body are disregarded in American culture, however, it is imperative that every user understands each substance in its entirety. A nicotine addiction is quite different from an alcohol dependency, as nicotine seems to be primarily a physically unhealthy habit, and alcohol becomes a lifestyle. Nonetheless, each addiction is completely detrimental to one’s health, and all risks should be considered before taking that first sip or smoke. How to cite Effects of Alcohol and Nicotine Use, Papers

Dr. Becketts Dental Office free essay sample

The problem starts when she never gave importance on the implication of management but rather run only her business in a way she wanted it to be. * She did not care of running a business without a background on handling and managing a business. She always asks for a consultant’s help and that is not enough to just rely on them because Dr. Beckett never try to understand and learn of what would be the consequences.An instance came, when doctors and dentist need to imply HMOs policy, but she never implied on it rather she rely to a consultant and do instead what she wanted to do, she did not even look at what problem she may encounter in being in favor to this movement. * Dr. Beckett decides to redesign the service delivery system. In terms of facilities she wanted the work environment to reflect her own personality and values as well as providing a pleasant place for her staff to work. She provided employees with many opportunities to update their skills by attending classes and workshops.She also rewarded their hard work by giving monthly bonuses if business had been good. * She realized that productivity gains were necessary; she doesn’t want to compromise the quality of service her patients received. Since higher quality care was more costly, Dr. Beckett patients sometimes had to pay fees for cost that were not covered by their insurance policies. * These patients might decide to switch to HMO dentist (Health Maintenance Organization). The HMOs set the prices for various services by putting an upper limitation on the amount that their doctors and dentists could change for various procedures. The advantage to patients was that their health insurance covered virtually all costs. But the price limitations meant that HMO doctors and dentists would not be able to offer certain services that might provide better quality care but were too expensive. Sometimes, staff members would substitute for each other when necessary to help with tasks that were not specifically in their job descriptions in order to make things even more smoothly. This instance is not a good practice since the service to be offered may not satisfied the customers especially in the cases when these staffs really don’t know what to do.Still, management cover the service offered or Beckett doesn’t know that in management, they should give priority to the specific field that the staffs should focus and work to. Since she never gives importance to it, consequences may surely happen. Dr. Beckett just only rely on the word or mouth done by her current patients in order to have new customers to avail the service offered, she even thought that she doesn’t need to sell herself because her current customers had already been told their family and friends about her service, plus she doesn’t need to advertise, since her current customers are a big help.One more thing, since advertising is not implemented, Dr. Beckett have a hard time in demonstrating the high level of quality that she wish to let her patients know, and how to help them have a positive and favorable attitude towards the service. She did not even mind about the customer needs. As a whole, the problem or Dr. Beckett covered the system of management in her business and how to improve mush the service she offered with the help of establishing the right way on managing a business. Statement of the Problem * How will Dr. Beckett and her staffs improve the management system of the company? How do Dr. Beckett and her staffs educate patients about the service they are receivingShe decided that her top priority was differentiating the practice on the basis of quality. Since higher quality care was more costly, Dr. Beckett’s patients sometimes have to pay fees for costs that were not covered by their insurance policies. If the quality differences weren’t substantial, these patients might decide to switch to an HMO dentist or another lower-cost provider. Sine Dr. Beckett does not even mind her customer needs and just focus and give prior to the job she’s working to her patients tend not to live on going to the dentist and tend to have a negative attitude toward that service.Alternative courses of Action * Dr. Beckett must implement a better management system in the company in order to deliver a better service and satisfy their customers that her service is with high quality. * Dr. Beckett must promote and educate the service she offers to her customers in order for them to know the benefits they might get and even though the price of her services is high, the qualities of the services are worth it. First is the Comfortable Dental Anesthetic delivery that helps ensure the patients’ visits are always easy and comfortable. Second, is the Dental Laser for gums that is effective for disinfection, faster healing, quick and easy to use, less need for anesthesia, minimal discomfort afterward and better results. And third, is the Dental Air Abrasion, which is a relatively new tooth preparation technique that can be use in place of traditional dental drill. It allows the dentist to do many repairs to the teeth without the noise and vibration of the drill.Recommendation * Dr. Beckett must choose all of the alternative courses of action mentioned above in order to gain more customers and keep the existing ones by giving Thank you cards to patients who referred other patients; follow up calls to patients after major procedures; a goodie box for patients including toothbrush, toothpaste, mouthwash, and floss; buckwheat pillows and blanket for patient comfort during long procedures; coffee and tea in the waiting area, and a photo album in the waiting area with pictures of staff and their families.Learning * Befor e taking up any action we should make sure that it is for good and for the better so that we don’t have any regret and before putting up a business we must have enough information, knowledge and understanding on how to handle a business so that our business will stay longer in industry. Before redesigning the service system we must evaluate and compute the cost of it because quality services always connect with higher cost so that other customers could avail the services intended to offer. * A service provider must accept the feedback of their customer because there are some customers that are not happy with quality and value of the service they receive from the company.